Fig 1.
a) Study area in the southern Mexican Pacific.
It includes two distinct groups of sites: b and d) ten non-protected sites (NP: 1-6 and 17-20), indicated by red dots, and c) ten protected sites within Parque Nacional Huatulco (MUMPA: 7-16), marked with blue dots. The protected area borderlines are outlined with a black line. The name of each site is included in Table A in S1 Text.
Fig 2.
The functional structure of fish among protected (MUMPA: blue) and non-protected (NP: orange) sites of the Oaxaca coast are illustrated.
The first four axes of the PCoA are used to plot functional indices, which are defined as follows: a) Functional richness (FRic): volume occupied by functional entities; b) Functional divergence (FDiv): proportion of total density supported by functional entities with extreme traits; c) Functional originality (FOri): isolation of functional entities within the functional space.
Fig 3.
The standardized coefficients (mean ± 95% confidence interval) of Linear Mixed Models for fish ecological indicators calculated for protected (MUMPA: blue) and non-protected (NP: orange) sites of the Oaxaca coast are presented.
The indicators are: species richness (S), density (d), Simpson’s dominance index (D), functional richness. (FRic), functional divergence (FDiv), and functional originality (FOri). The colored circles indicate statistically significant changes in the index, while the gray circles indicate non-significant changes over the study period (2006-2020).
Fig 4.
The temporal trends for density (a and b) and biomass (c and d) of commercial and non-commercial fish species at protected (MUMPA: blue) and non-protected (NP: orange) sites of the Oaxaca coast are presented.
The linear model indicators, R2 and P, are displayed alongside each graph.
Table 1.
The species that contributed to the dissimilarity (Bray-Curtis coefficient) in density among the MUMPA and NP sites of the Oaxaca coast according to the SIMPER analysis (70% cut-off) are presented in the following table. Commercial species are indicated with an asterisk (*).
Table 2.
The species that contributed to the dissimilarity (Bray-Curtis coefficient) in biomass among the MUMPA and NP sites of the Oaxaca coast are presented herewith, according to the SIMPER analysis (70% cut-off). Commercial species are indicated by an asterisk (*).