Fig 1.
Study area.
Table 1.
Data information.
Table 2.
Remote sensing imagery schedule.
Fig 2.
Workflow of the study.
Table 3.
TVDI drought monitoring grade classification standard in the Santun River Irrigation Area.
Table 4.
Mann–Kendall trend test grading.
Table 5.
The driving logic of drought by the different driving factors.
Table 6.
Classification of TVDI effector interactions.
Fig 3.
Distribution of sampling sites in the study area.
Fig 4.
Correlation between soil moisture content and TVDI.
Fig 5.
Spatial dry and wet side fitting of the TS-NDVI characteristics for different time periods in the Santun River Irrigation Area: (a) 2006/05; (b) 2007/04; (c) 2008/10; (d) 2009/08; (e) 2011/08; (f) 2014/04;(g) 2017/05; and (h) 2022/05.
Fig 6.
Inter-annual variations in the TVDI and proportions of the study area with different drought classes in the Santun River Irrigation Area during 2005–2023.
Fig 7.
Trends of the temperature, precipitation, and TVDI in the Santun River Irrigation Area, Xinjiang, during 2005–2023.
(a) Relationship between the mean annual temperature and the TVDI; (b) Relationship between the mean annual precipitation and the TVDI.
Fig 8.
Temporal trends of the TVDI in different seasons in the Santun River Irrigation Area.
Fig 9.
Spatial distributions of the TVDI drought classes in the vegetation growing season from 2005 to 2023 in the Santun River Irrigation Area in Xinjiang.
Fig 10.
Spatial distributions of the TVDI in the different seasons in the Santun River Irrigation Area, Xinjiang.
Fig 11.
Types of drought trends in the Santon River Irrigation District and interannual trends of the Sen slope during 2005–2023.
(a) Types of multi-year drought trends; and (b) Inter-annual rate of change of the TVDI.
Fig 12.
Area transfers of different drought classes in the Santon River Irrigation District during 2005–2023.
(a) Irrigation district drought transfers during 2005–2010; (b) Irrigation district drought transfers during 2010–2015; (c) Irrigation district drought transfers during 2015–2020; and (d) Irrigation district drought transfers during 2020–2023.
Table 7.
Single-factor detection using Geodetector.
Fig 13.
Detection of drought driver interactions in the Santun River Irrigation Area.
Fig 14.
Types of driver interactions in the Santun River Irrigation Area.
Table 8.
Area transfer matrix for land use types in the Santun River Irrigation Area during 2005–2020.