Fig 1.
Environmental measuring tools during field test with sprayers
(a) Wheat field with drone and tractor sprayer, (b) Anemometer and thermometer and (c) Hygrometer.
Table 1.
The conventional and drone sprayer and all the specifications.
Table 2.
Equivalents and equations used in calculating the energy of some inputs.
Fig 2.
Life Cycle Assessment stages.
Fig 3.
System boundary in two spraying scenarios using in drones spraying and conventional spraying.
Table 3.
Energy input consumption in spraying one hectare of wheat field by drone and conventional methods.
Fig 4.
Compaction of total energy consumption in pesticide spraying of wheat farm by drone and conventional spraying methods.
Table 4.
Energy indicators in spraying a wheat farm by drone and Conventional method.
Fig 5.
The results of LCA in 15 midpoint effect categories in spraying of one hectare wheat farm with conventional spraying method.
Fig 6.
The results of environmental impact assessment in 4 categories of final effect in spraying of one hectare wheat farm with conventional spraying method.
Fig 7.
Environmental impact assessment results in 15 midpoint effects categories in spraying of one hectare wheat farm with drone method.
Fig 8.
Environmental impact assessment results in 4 final effect categories in spraying of one hectare wheat farm with drone method.
Fig 9.
Results of comparison of environmental indicators in 15 midpoint categories for drone and conventional sprayers.
Table 5.
The results of evaluation of environmental effects in 15 midpoint effects categories for drone and conventional method.
Fig 10.
The results of the comparison of environmental indicators in 4 final effect categories for drone and conventional method.
Fig. 11.
Comparison of five environmental impact parameters: terrestrial ecotoxicity, non-carcinogens, global warming, non-renewable energy and carcinogens.