Table 1.
The Bovine Pain Scale consists of nine items with inclusion of three descriptive levels. Score 0 means normal behaviours (pain free), score 1 and 2 behaviours related to pain.
Fig 1.
Timeline of video analysis for the validation of the Bovine Pain Scale.
Table 2.
Statistical methods used for validation of the Bovine Pain Scale (BPS) in cattle.
Table 3.
Demographics and summarized history of animals included in the Pain Group.
Table 4.
Intra-rater reliability of the Bovine Pain Scale, unidimensional scales and indication for rescue analgesia in the perioperative period of cattle undergoing surgery (n = 25; Pain Group) and in healthy cows (n = 11; Control Group).
Table 5.
Inter-rater reliability of the Bovine Pain Scale, unidimensional scales, and indication of rescue analgesia in the perioperative period of cattle undergoing surgery (n = 25; Pain Group) and in healthy cows (n = 11; Control Group).
Table 6.
Loading values and eigenvalues of the Bovine Pain Scale items based on exploratory factor analysis.
Fig 2.
Plot correlating the scores of the Bovine Pain Scale (BPS) and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) of perioperative period of cattle undergoing surgery (n
= 25; Pain Group) and in healthy cows (n = 11; Control Group).
Table 7.
Specificity and sensitivity of the Bovine Pain Scale.
Table 8.
Item-total correlation and internal consistency of the Bovine Pain Scale for all time-points.
Table 9.
Responsiveness of the Bovine Pain Scale (BPS), Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and rescue analgesia, between the four perioperative time-points, showed as median (first – third quartile) (n = 25).
Fig 3.
Box-plot of Bovine Pain Scale (BPS) total score over time-points of perioperative period of cattle undergoing surgery (n
= 25; Pain Group) and healthy cows (n = 11; Control Group) for all raters. Time-points: P1, preoperatively, immediately prior to administration of sedatives; P2, 2 to 6 hours after the end of surgery; P3, 1 hour after the administration of analgesic intervention if required; P4, 24 hours after surgery; were assessed. C1, first video and assessment of animals of the control group; C2, the second video of same animal of the control group, recorded 24-48 hours after C1. The lower and upper bounds of the box respectively represent the first and third quartile of data; the horizontal line plus space inside the box indicates the median; the black diamond indicates the average of each time-point data separately; black circles indicate outlier. Different lowercase letters indicate statistical difference over the time-points (a > b); multiple comparisons were conducted by linear mixed model with post-test corrected by Bonferroni procedure (p < 0.05).
Fig 4.
ROC curve with the diagnostic uncertainty zone for the Bovine Pain Scale (BPS).
Two-graph ROC curve, CI of 1,001 replications was used to estimate the diagnostic uncertainty zone of the cut-off point of all raters, according to the Youden index [31,32]. The diagnostic uncertainty zone was 5; ≤ 4 indicates pain-free animals (true negatives) and ≥ 6 indicates animals suffering pain (true positives). The Youden index ≥ 5 represents the cut-off point for the indication of rescue analgesia.