Table 1.
Basic information of both groups.
Fig 1.
The flow diagram of this study.
The patients with BPH seeking medical attention are identified. The process continues with a baseline assessment. The patients are then allocated into two groups: group A, consisting of patients solely with BPH, and group B, consisting of patients with both BPH and bladder diverticulum.
Fig 2.
Ultrasonographic and computed tomographic features of benign prostatic hyperplasia and bladder diverticulum.
Figs 2A–2D showcase ultrasonographic evidence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with characteristic gland enlargement and homogeneity without nodules or cysts. Figs A and B from group A with BPH without bladder diverticulum. Figs 2C and 2D from group B with BPH and bladder diverticulum. CT scans from group A (Figs 2E and 2F) without bladder diverticulum, exhibit the absence of bladder diverticulum, while Figs 2G and 2H from group B reveal the presence of diverticula as dark, urine-filled outpouchings from the bladder wall.
Fig 3.
Impact of bladder diverticulum on the detrusor pressure dynamics in BPH patients.
Fig 3A depicts vesical pressure (Pves) and detrusor pressure (Pdet) trends in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients without bladder diverticulum (group A). Fig 3B illustrates the Pves and Pdet trends in BPH patients with bladder diverticulum (group B), where Pves and Pdet values also increase but with a wider range.
Table 2.
Oxidative biomarker levels between two groups (Mean ± SD).
Fig 4.
Correlation matrix of clinical and oxidative stress biomarkers in BPH patients without bladder diverticulum.
The figure illustrates a correlation matrix heatmap with overlaid colored ellipses, representing the relationships between various clinical and biomarker variables in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) without bladder diverticulum. The heatmap’s color intensity and the ellipses’ color indicate the strength and direction of the correlation, with red tones depicting positive correlations and blue tones indicating negative correlations. The size and orientation of the ellipses correspond to the strength and nature of the correlation; narrower ellipses represent stronger correlations, and wider ellipses represent weaker correlations. The numerical values within the heatmap’s cells are the actual correlation coefficients (rho values), with 1.00 indicating a perfect positive correlation and -1.00 indicating a perfect negative correlation.
Fig 5.
Correlation matrix of clinical and oxidative stress biomarkers in BPH patients with bladder diverticulum.