Table 1.
List of 17 autonomous innovations.
Fig 1.
Network diagrams of synergistic types (A) and single types(B).
The yellow arrows represent the initial conditions for autonomous innovations, the blue shaded areas represent individual collective actions, the blue letters represent the target resources and content of collective actions, and the gray arrows represent the remaining challenges. The three types of LPs are represented as green, pink, and blue nodes. In the synergistic type, synergies are represented as one or more nodes surrounded by light blue lines. See text for details. (A) A synergistic type (No. 16) “Efforts by fishers to create satoumi-type fishing grounds.” Synergy has been created by the emergence of collective actions for fisheries resource and ecosystem management. (B) A single type (No.6), “Collaborative network construction.” Three collective actions related to agricultural resource management have emerged.
Fig 2.
Example of a network diagram showing the process of synergy creation and the responsible factors.
Network diagram of No.1 Community-based marine tourism, showing the process and factors of synergy creation in autonomous innovation. Orange and pink indicate the key factors that generate synergies (visualization of new challenges, changes of perceptions among people). The other symbols and labels are the same as those in Fig 1A.
Table 2.
Number of LP functions observed before the end of the first action in synergy and single types.
Fig 3.
Difference in the number of LP functions observed in autonomous innovations between synergistic and single type.
The median and 95% confidence intervals are represented. Numbers in parentheses represent the number of innovations. (Mann-Whitney test p = 0.0260).
Fig 4.
Visualization of challenges leading to new synergies in the future.
An autonomous innovation that visualizes challenges leading to new synergy creation in the future (No.2 Improving the quality of cacao raw materials and high value-added distribution). A new challenge was visualized at the end of the third action after the synergy (brown: “possibility of cacao farm tourism collaborating with consumers”). In this case, node no.35 (“Farmers’ options expanded”) served the function of visualizing the challenges leading to future synergies. The symbols and labels in this figure are the same as in Fig 1.
Fig 5.
Factors of synergy creation in the early stage of autonomous innovations.
The gray shaded area represents the phase before the start of the first action, and the white background area represents the period from the initial to the final phases of the first action. The columns on the far left represent the factors identified in the network analyses that are considered important in creating synergies. The numbers assigned to each factor are for convenience only and do not represent a time series or causal relationship. The numbers in the boxes indicate the number of cases where each factor was found in synergistic or single types (number of cases/parameter). The thickness of the arrows is proportional to the number of cases that followed each path for the synergistic types. The thicker the arrow, the more cases followed the path in the synergistic type. See text for details.