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Fig 1.

The overall framework for APT malware classification.

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Fig 2.

Total number and distribution of APT samples dataset.

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Table 1.

Public benchmark dataset D1.

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Table 2.

Self-constructed APT samples dataset D2.

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Fig 3.

Comparison of APT groups malicious code gray-scale images.

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Fig 4.

Flowchart of image grayscale value feature acquisition.

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Fig 5.

APT malicious code disassembly processing.

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Fig 6.

Extraction of APT malicious code opcode instruction.

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Fig 7.

N-gram feature extraction process.

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Fig 8.

Data concatenation.

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Fig 9.

TCN network architecture diagram based on feature fusion.

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Fig 10.

Basic architecture of TCN model.

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Fig 11.

Schematic diagram of causal convolution.

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Fig 12.

Schematic diagram of expansion convolution.

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Fig 13.

Structure diagram of BITCN network.

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Fig 14.

Diagram of GAN.

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Table 3.

Test platform parameters.

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Table 4.

Classification results matrix.

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Table 5.

Parameter settings.

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Table 6.

Classification results of machine learning algorithms on N-gram features.

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Fig 15.

Training accuracy curve of TCN with N-gram features.

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Fig 16.

Training loss curve of TCN with N-gram features.

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Table 7.

Classification results of deep learning algorithms on N-gram features.

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Table 8.

Classification results of machine learning algorithms with image features.

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Fig 17.

Training accuracy curve of 1D-CNN model with image features.

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Fig 18.

Training loss curve of 1D-CNN model with image features.

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Table 9.

Classification results of deep learning algorithms with image features.

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Table 10.

Classification results of machine learning with N-gram and image dual features.

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Fig 19.

Training accuracy curve of TCN with N-gram and image features.

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Fig 20.

Training loss curve of TCN with N-gram and image features.

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Fig 21.

Training accuracy curve of BITCN with N-gram and image features.

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Fig 22.

Training loss curve of BITCN with N-gram and image features.

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Table 11.

Classification results of deep learning with N-gram and image dual features.

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Table 12.

Comparison of machine learning algorithm results for N-gram + grayscale value frequency features.

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Fig 23.

Training accuracy curve of TCN Model with N-gram + grayscale value frequency features.

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Fig 24.

Training loss curve of TCN model with N-gram + grayscale value frequency features.

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Fig 25.

Training accuracy curve of BITCN model with N-gram + grayscale value frequency features.

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Fig 26.

Training loss curve of BITCN model with N-gram + grayscale value frequency features.

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Fig 27.

Confusion matrix of TCN model with N-gram + grayscale value frequency features.

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Table 13.

Comparison of machine learning algorithm results for N-gram + grayscale value frequency features.

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Fig 28.

Data distribution results for 12 categories.

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Table 14.

Optimal stability parameters.

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Table 15.

Classification results of machine learning algorithms on dataset D1 after expansion

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Table 16.

Classification results of deep learning algorithms on dataset D1 after expansion.

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Table 17.

Classification results of machine learning on dataset D2 after expansion.

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Fig 29.

Training accuracy curve of the TCN model on dataset D2.

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Fig 30.

Training loss curve of the TCN model on dataset D2.

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Table 18.

Classification results of deep learning on dataset D2 after expansion.

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Table 19.

Comprehensive performance comparison of machine learning algorithms for classification.

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Table 20.

Comprehensive performance comparison of deep learning algorithms for classification.

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Table 21.

Comparison with similar research literature.

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