Fig 1.
Graphical abstract of two experiments.
Implanted parts on the bird’s skull have been identified in different colors. The cream area on the skull shows the cemented region on top of the head. As demonstrated, all other compartments are fixed by cement on the skull. The curly wires represent recording and ground electrodes, and the perpendicularly attached bar (gray) indicates the head post. The electrodes are connected to the Cyton recording board (for a detailed explanation of connections, see the protocol.io). (A) In the first experiment, varying concentrations of isoflurane were used to achieve different depths of anesthesia. (B) In the second experiment, the finch was head-fixed under light anesthesia, and intracranial EEG (iEEG) data were recorded from implanted electrodes during an auditory task.
Table 1.
Summary of duration measures, including minimum, maximum, average, and standard error.
Fig 2.
FFT analysis of isoflurane levels, suppression duration comparison across conditions, and sample oscillations at different isoflurane levels.
(A) FFT analysis under low, medium, and high levels of isoflurane anesthesia, showing a decrease in power across various frequency ranges as isoflurane levels increase, with observations at both posterior (Right) and frontal (Left) sites. (B) Statistical pairwise comparisons of three different isoflurane levels, with Bonferroni-adjusted p-values for anterior (top) and posterior (bottom) sites. (C) A 20-second frame of raw signal oscillations under low (top), medium (middle), and high (bottom) isoflurane anesthesia, illustrating a higher amplitude in the frequency range for low-level isoflurane.
Fig 3.
Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) for all stimuli gathered, separated, and spectrogram of presented stimuli.
(A) Displays the ERPs of all presented auditory stimuli for HVC (Right) and CMM (Left). (B) Shows the separated ERPs of stimuli in HVC (Right) and CMM (Left). (C) Presents the spectrogram of the audio stimuli during the task.
Fig 4.
Spectrograms for each stimulus condition in HVC, CMM, and audio stimuli.
(A) Spectrogram of HVC responses to the five stimuli: BOS, Reverse BOS, Conspecific, White Noise, and 5 kHz Tone. A distinct, selective response to BOS is observed in the HVC site. (B) Spectrogram of auditory stimuli responses in the CMM area, showing a greater response to Reverse BOS and Conspecific compared to the HVC area. (C) Spectrogram of the presented audio stimuli during the task.