Fig 1.
Defensible measurement models of self-regulation that were compared with each other.
(A) Model 1: bifactor model with a domain-general SR factor (GSR) and three orthogonal nested factors (B) Model 2: bifactor model with GSR and three orthogonal nested factors only including survey-based indicators, behavioral EF tasks are measured separately (C) Model 3: model with three correlated first order factors and no domain-general factor; Hot/Cool/EF: domain-specific factors for hot/cool/executive functions components of SR; U: UPPS-P; + u: positive urgency; -u: negative urgency; ss: sensation seeking; pl: planning; per: perseverance; BIS/BAS: Behavioral Inhibition and Behavioral Approach System Scale, inhibition; rr: reward responsivity; fs: fun seeking; d: drive; CB: Parent Child Behavior Check List; at: attention problems; NIH: NIH toolbox behavioral tasks; f: flanker task; cs: dimensional card sort task; ls: list sort working memory test.
Table 1.
Indicators and outcomes of self-regulation in the ABCD dataset.
Table 2.
Model fit of three defensible confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models.
Fig 2.
Best fitting measurement and structural model of self-regulation in the ABCD dataset.
(A) Schematic representation of a measurement model of self-regulation (SR) in the ABCD dataset (Model 3c) with standardized factor loadings. Hot/Cool/EF: domain-specific factors for hot/cool/executive functions components of SR; MBIS/BAS: method factor for BIS/BAS indicators; U: UPPS-P; + u: positive urgency; -u: negative urgency; ss: sensation seeking; pl: planning; per: perseverance; BIS/BAS: Behavioral Inhibition and Behavioral Approach System Scale, inhibition; rr: reward responsivity; fs: fun seeking; d: drive; CB: Parent Child Behavior Check List; at: attention problems; NIH: NIH toolbox behavioral tasks; f: flanker task; cs: dimensional card sort task; ls: list sort working memory test. Residual correlations: grey color: negative correlation, black color: positive correlation; dashed line: correlation > .3, but < .5; solid line: correlation > .5 (B) Model to test predictive validity of SR on academic success (grades at baseline and grades two years later). Regression weights are semi-standardized on the latent variables’ variance.
Fig 3.
Five-fold cross validation (CV) of the measurement model of self-regulation.
Factor loadings of the full dataset per factor (full) are compared to factor loadings of cross-validation sets (CV1-CV5) to test the robustness of the factor structure over smaller samples. λ Hot/Cool/EF: factor loadings onto domain-specific factors for hot/cool/executive function components of self-regulation (SR); λ M: factor loadings onto method factor for BIS/BAS scales; residual cor: residual correlations; factor cor: correlations between factors; U: UPPS-P; pu: positive urgency; nu: negative urgency; ss: sensation seeking; pl: planning; per: perseverance; BIS/BAS: Behavioral Inhibition and Behavioral Approach System Scale; rr: reward responsivity; fs: fun seeking; d: drive; CB: Parent Child Behavior Check List; at: attention problems; NIH: NIH toolbox behavioral tasks; f: flanker task; cs: dimensional card sort task; ls: list sort working memory test.