Fig 1.
The schematic of the mechanism of action.
Fig 2.
Raw coal gangue and coal gangue aggregates.
(a) Raw coal gangue. (b) Coal gangue aggregates.
Fig 3.
Coal gangue concrete specimens.
Table 1.
Test results of GFRP confined concrete specimens.
Fig 4.
GFRP confined concrete specimens.
Fig 5.
Linear contact model.
Fig 6.
Parallel bonding model.
Fig 7.
Principle of FLAC-PFC coupling calculation.
Fig 8.
FRP sheets wrapped specimen.
Fig 9.
Mechanical model of geogrid element.
Fig 10.
Comparison of experimental and simulation results of GFRP confined specimens.
Table 2.
Relative error between test and simulation results for GFRP confined specimens.
Table 3.
Mesoscopic parameters of PFC3D-FLAC3D coupling model.
Table 4.
Numerical simulation scheme.
Fig 11.
Stress-strain curves of FRP confined specimens.
(a) GFRP confined specimens. (b) CFRP confined specimens. (c) BFRP confined specimen.
Fig 12.
Enhancement of stress and strain for FRP confined specimens.
(a) Stress. (b) Strain.
Fig 13.
Compressive strength of FRP confined CGC.
Fig 14.
Elastic modulus of FRP confined CGC.
Fig 15.
The number of strong contact and strong contact force of GFRP confined concrete specimens under three coal gangue replacement rates (0%, 50%, 100%).
(a) Strong contact number. (b) Strong contact force.
Fig 16.
The number of strong contact and strong contact force of CFRP confined concrete specimens under three coal gangue replacement rates (0%, 50%, 100%).
(a) Strong contact number. (b) Strong contact force.
Fig 17.
The number of strong contact and strong contact force of BFRP confined concrete specimens under three coal gangue replacement rates (0%, 50%, 100%).
(a) Strong contact number. (b) Strong contact force.
Fig 18.
The maximum values of strong contact force and strong contact number for FRP confined CGC.
(a) Strong contact force. (b) Strong contact number.
Fig 19.
Crack propagation characteristics in the failure of GFRP confined coal gangue concrete.
Fig 20.
Crack propagation characteristics in the failure of CFRP confined coal gangue concrete.
Fig 21.
Crack propagation characteristics in the failure of BFRP confined coal gangue concrete.