Table 1.
Details of the search fields and filters for each database.
Table 2.
Eligibility criteria for the study.
Table 3.
List of data items.
Fig 1.
The PRISMA flowchart consists of four main stages: identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion, used for selecting studies on the use of MPND in COVID-19 responses.
Fig 2.
Temporal distribution of studies utilizing MPND from 2020 to 2023, categorized into four research focuses: mobility patterns and spread of COVID-19 (blue bars), effects of NPIs (orange bars), COVID-19 impacts on society (green bars), and mobility recovery (red bars).
Table 4.
Main characteristics of the quantitative studies included in the systematic review.
Table 5.
Main characteristics of the qualitative studies included in the systematic review.
Fig 3.
Keyword co-occurrence network in COVID-19 studies utilizing MPND.
The network consists of three clusters: blue nodes focus on mobility patterns and COVID-19 spread, green nodes highlight public health and epidemiology, and red nodes emphasize government measures and NPIs. Node size indicates keyword frequency, and link thickness represents co-occurrence strength.
Fig 4.
Network visualization of co-authorship patterns among countries in MPND-based COVID-19 studies.
The network consists of nodes representing countries, with node size proportional to the number of publications. Nodes are color-coded to represent clusters of closely collaborating countries.
Fig. 5.
Factors influencing adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions such as stay-at-home orders, social distancing, and travel restrictions.
Fig. 6.
A taxonomy of COVID-19 studies utilizing MPND, consisting of two categories: evaluating and monitoring the effectiveness of NPI measures and the impact of NPI measures.
Each category is further divided into subcategories to represent the diverse applications of MPND.
Table 6.
Overview of studies investigating COVID-19 effects on human behaviors and city dynamics.