Fig 1.
Directed acyclic graph (DAG) describing the relationship between pregnancy, maternal and paternal factors, umbilical cord length and neurodevelopmental disorder in the child.
White nodules represent covariates that are included in the model. Social demographic factors contain maternal and paternal education level, marital status of the mother, immigration status of the child. Grey nodule; Unknown confounding factors, e.g., genetic confounding.
Table 1.
Cohort characteristics of singleton births in Norway (1999–2013)a.
Fig 2.
The prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders according to year of birth in Norway.
Fig 3.
The prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders according to cord length percentile.
Fig 4.
Long or short umbilical cord (≥95th or <5th percentile) and association to neurodevelopmental disorders among singletons.
Panel A; exposure Long Cord, panel B; exposure Short Cord. CP; Cerebral Palsy, ADHD; Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ASD; Autism Spectrum Disorder; ID; Intellectual Disability, OR; Odds Ratio, CI; Confidence Interval.
Table 2.
Associations between cord length and neurodevelopmental disorders according to sex of the neonatea.
Table 3.
Associations between cord length and neurodevelopmental disorders according to gestational age at birth (term/ preterm)a.