Table 1.
Geographical coordinates, dominant tree species and trapping periods of sites where effects of trap height and trap color on detection of bark and wood boring beetles were field tested in 2015.
Table 2.
Numbers of species and specimens of Cerambycidae, Buprestidae, Curculionidae: Scolytinae, and Disteniidae captured in color x trap height factorial experiment conducted in 2015 in: Georgia, USA; Jilin, China; New Brunswick, Canada; and the Białowiez˙a Forest, Poland.
Fig 1.
Numbers of species of Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, and Scolytinae captured in traps that were: A) placed in the Canopy vs. Understory; and B) Green (G), Purple (P), or Black (B) in color. For simplicity of illustration, the two Disteniidae species are included within the Cerambycidae. Numbers in parentheses exclude singletons and doubletons.
Fig 2.
Effect of trap color (Black, Green, Purple) and trap height (Canopy, Understory) and their interaction on mean (±SE) number of species of jewel beetles captured in multiple funnel traps: A) Buprestidae Georgia, USA; B) Buprestidae Jilin, China; C) Buprestidae New Brunswick, Canada; D) Buprestidae Białowiez˙a, Poland; E) Agrilinae, all sites pooled F) Chrysochroinae, all sites pooled. Data were pooled among sites when the interaction between site and treatment was not significant (P > 0.05). Different lowercase letters associated with means and color abbreviations (i.e., B, G, P) indicate significant differences (Tukey-Kramer test on least square means, P ≤ 0.05).
Fig 3.
Effect of trap color (black, green, purple) and trap height (canopy, understory) and their interaction on mean (±SE) number of species of Cerambycidae captured in multiple funnel traps in: A) Georgia, USA; B) Jilin, China; C) New Brunswick, Canada; and D) Białowiez˙a, Poland. Different lowercase letters associated with means and color abbreviations (i.e., B, G, P) indicate significant differences (Tukey-Kramer test on least square means, P ≤ 0.05).
Fig 4.
Effect of trap color (black, green, purple) and trap height (canopy, understory) and their interaction on mean (±SE) number of species of longhorn beetles in the subfamily Cerambycinae captured in multiple funnel traps in: A) Georgia, USA; B) Jilin, China; C) New Brunswick, Canada; and D) Białowiez˙a, Poland. Different lowercase letters associated with means and color abbreviations (i.e., B, G, P) indicate significant differences (Tukey-Kramer test on least square means, P ≤ 0.05).
Fig 5.
Effect of trap color (black, green, purple) and trap height (canopy, understory) and their interaction on mean (±SE) number of species of longhorn beetles in the subfamily Lamiinae captured in multiple funnel traps in: A) Georgia, USA; B) Jilin, China; C) New Brunswick, Canada; and D) Białowiez˙a, Poland. Different lowercase letters associated with means and color abbreviations (i.e., B, G, P) indicate significant differences (Tukey-Kramer test on least square means, P ≤ 0.05).
Fig 6.
Effect of trap color (black, green, purple) and trap height (canopy, understory) and their interaction on mean (±SE) number of species of longhorn beetles in the subfamily Lepturinae captured in multiple funnel traps in: A) Georgia, USA; B) Jilin, China; C) New Brunswick, Canada; and D) Białowiez˙a, Poland. Different lowercase letters associated with means and color abbreviations (i.e., Ba, Gb, Pb) indicate significant differences (Tukey-Kramer test on least square means, P ≤ 0.05).
Fig 7.
Effect of trap color (black, green, purple) and trap height (canopy, understory) and their interaction on mean (±SE) number of species of longhorn beetles captured in multiple funnel traps in the subfamilies: A) Prioninae, Georgia, USA; B) Prioninae, Jilin, China (JI); C) Spondylidinae, JI; and D) Spondylidinae, Białowiez˙a, Poland. Different lowercase letters associated with means and color abbreviations (i.e., B, G, P) indicate significant differences (Tukey-Kramer test on least square means, P ≤ 0.05).
Fig 8.
Effect of trap color (black, green, purple) and trap height (canopy, understory) and their interaction on mean (±SE) number of species of bark and woodboring beetles captured in multiple funnel traps: A) Scolytinae, all sites pooled; B) Total target taxa, Georgia, USA; C) Total target taxa, Jilin, China; D) Total target taxa, New Brunswick, Canada; and E) Total target taxa, Białowiez˙a, Poland. Different lowercase letters associated with means and color abbreviations (i.e., B, G, P) indicate significant differences (Tukey-Kramer test on least square means, P ≤ 0.05).
Table 3.
Species richness of bark beetles and wood boring beetles (BBWB) (Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Scolytinae) captured in traps of different colors [Black (B), Green (G), Purple (P)] and heights [Canopy (C), Understory (U)] in: Georgia, USA; Jilin, China; New Brunswick, Canada; and Białowiez˙a, Poland in 2015.
Fig 9.
Species accumulation curves showing the number of species of Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Disteniidae, and Scolytinae detected per number of traps, in black (BLK), green (GRN), or purple (PUR) 12-funnel traps placed in the forest canopy (triangles) or understory (dots) in: A) Georgia, USA; B) Jilin, China; C) New Brunswick, Canada; and D) Białowiez˙a, Poland. Also shown for NB, PO, and GA, is the species accumulation curve for the pair of trap height-trap color combinations that detected the most target taxa (in 8 traps in NB and PO, and 9 traps in GA); this curve is not shown for JI because the best pair of treatments detected no more species (45.9) than did the single treatments of black or purple understory traps (46 species in 8 traps).
Fig 10.
NMDS ordination showing the community structure of bark beetles and woodboring beetles collected in black, green and purple multiple funnel traps hung in the upper canopy (upward pointing triangles, solid lines) and the lower canopy (downward pointing triangles, broken lines) in: A) Georgia, USA; B) Jilin, China; C) New Brunswick, Canada; and D) Białowiez˙a, Poland, showing 95% confidence interval ellipses. The amount of overlap in the confidence ellipse indicates the degree of similarity among communities caught in the different trap types.
Table 4.
Results of permutational multivariate analysis of variation for the effect of trap color and trap height on position of bark and woodboring beetle communities in multivariate space.
Table 5.
Results of blocked indicator species analysis of bark and woodboring beetles captured in black, green or purple multiple funnel traps placed in the canopy and understory of mixed hardwood-coniferous forests in Georgia, U.S.A. (GA), Jilin, China (JI), New Brunswick, Canada (NB, or Białowiez˙a, Poland (PO). The grouping variable was trap height. The larger the IV value, the more prevalent (abundant and constant) the species is within its associated trap height.
Table 6.
Results of blocked indicator species analysis of bark and woodboring beetles captured in black, green or purple multiple funnel traps placed in the canopy and understory of mixed hardwood-coniferous forests in Georgia, U.S.A. (GA), Jilin, China (JI), New Brunswick, Canada (NB, or Białowiez˙a, Poland (PO). The grouping variable was trap height-trap color combination. The larger the IV value, the more prevalent (abundant and constant) the species is within the associated trap height-trap color combination.