Table 1.
The number of DDoS attacks and the average cost of attacks.
Table 2.
The number of bots and the source of botnet DDoS attacks in 2022.
Fig 1.
Illustration of model compartment links.
Table 3.
The description of the system’s parameters (Fig 1).
Table 4.
Malware types used in DDoS attacks on IoT devices.
Table 5.
Comparison of related works based on Essential Elements (EE).
Table 6.
Tools used in this study.
Fig 2.
Simulated network for 2000 devices.
Fig 3.
Simulated network for interactions between attackers and targets (330 devices).
Fig 4.
Comparison of stochastic (Monte Carlo) and deterministic solutions for the dynamics of attackers and IoT devices.
Fig 5.
The reproduction number of attacking population analysis.
Fig 6.
The reproduction number RTarget of targeted population analysis.
Fig 7.
PRCC elasticity analysis of .
Fig 8.
PRCC of analysis.
Fig 9.
Sensitivity analysis of the reproduction number R0 to key parameters.
Fig 10.
Sensitivity analysis of Ma (malicious attackers) to .
Fig 11.
R0>1 compartment analysis when we have successful attack.
Fig 12.
R0<1 compartment analysis when the cyberattack failed.
Fig 13.
The proportion of compromised devices during a cyber IoT attack.
Fig 14.
An optimal control strategy for firewall protection fp
Fig 15.
Comparison of attacker and target populations with and without control strategy.