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Fig 1.

The extinction probability P and the critical fertility .

(A) P versus fertility b (), (B) P versus sex ratio r (), (C) Optimal sex ratio r versus fertility b, and (D) versus r for and.

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Fig 2.

The population with subcritical fertility goes extinct except for a few exceptions that keep growing.

(A, B) , (C, D) . Among 100 independent replicates, only six runs in (A, B) and one run in (C, D) survive to grow. (, 100 trajectories overlapped).

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Fig 2 Expand

Fig 3.

The ratio of extinct populations is plotted against generation number.

(A) and 2.3, and (B) and 0.5 for . For a subcritical fertility (), most populations do not survive a few generations. (, 10,000 replications).

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Fig 3 Expand

Fig 4.

The histogram of survived generations for the population with subcritical fertility.

(A) and (B) (10,000 replications).

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Fig 4 Expand