Fig 1.
Experimental set-up for gas permeation measurements.
The setup consists of a gas source, pressure control system, membrane module, and gas flow analysis unit.
Table 1.
The upper and lower limits of the different study settings.
Table 2.
The outcomes derived from the experiments accomplished.
Fig 2.
Simplified design of the membrane module.
The model consists of a cylindrical membrane module with a feed and permeate region, allowing selective gas separation.
Table 3.
Boundary conditions for governing equations.
Fig 3.
Schematic diagram of the 3-D membrane model.
The figure presents a structured schematic of the simulated membrane module.
Table 4.
The values of the parameters β and A [36].
Table 5.
System configuration and operational specifications for the CFD simulation.
Fig 4.
ANN-CFD hybrid model integration.
The figure demonstrates the integration process between artificial neural networks (ANN) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for membrane performance prediction.
Fig 5.
Mesh sensitivity analysis for CO₂ permeation.
The figure presents the impact of different mesh sizes on CO₂ permeation.
Fig 6.
Velocity distribution of H₂/CO/CO₂ gas.
The figure presents a comparison between the velocity distribution color map of the present study and that of Ref. [20].
Fig 7.
Simulated molar fraction of hydrogen gas.
This figure illustrates the simulated molar fraction of hydrogen gas and its comparison with the numerical analysis results from Ref. [20], demonstrating strong agreement between the two studies.
Table 6.
The experimental data for the permeation of CH₄ and CO₂ through the membrane.
Table 7.
Simulation results for permeance and diffusion coefficient in membrane.
Table 8.
Evaluating the proposed model against experimental data.
Fig 8.
Illustrates the velocity distribution at a flow rate of 25 ml/min and CO₂ concentration of 3% mol, with (a) T = 293K, p = 2 bar, and (b) at T = 313K, p = 3.5 bar.
Fig 9.
Shows the velocity distribution at a fixed temperature of 313K and a flow rate of 25 ml/min, where (a) p = 5 bar, CO₂ = 9% mol, and (b) p = 2 bar, CO₂ = 15% mol.
Fig 10.
Shows the concentration variations at 293K and 2 bar, with a flow rate of 25 ml/min and CO₂ = 3% mol.
(a) CO₂ concentration, (b) CH₄ concentration.
Fig 11.
Presents the concentration variations at 313K and 3.5 bar, with the same flow rate and CO₂ concentration.
Fig 12.
Displays the concentration variations at 313K and 5 bar, with an increased CO₂ concentration of 9% mol.
Fig 13.
Shows the concentration variations at 313K and 2 bar, with CO₂ = 15% mol.
Table 9.
The value of the S/N ratio for permeance and selectivity.