Fig 1.
Iterative foraging process of fruit flies.
Fig 2.
The process of information diffusion among ring topological structures.
Fig 3.
Segmentation of i th dimension.
Table 1.
IEEE CEC 2017 benchmark function specifications.
Table 2.
IEEE CEC 2022 benchmark function specifications.
Table 3.
Ablation analysis.
Table 4.
Scalability tests in three dimensions.
Fig 4.
Scalability analysis on the IEEE CEC 2017 benchmark functions.
Fig 5.
Evolutionary trajectory of MGFOA on the IEEE CEC 2017 benchmark functions.
Table 5.
Experiments comparing MGFOA with alternative competing algorithms on the IEEE CEC 2017 benchmark functions.
Table 6.
The p-values algorithm.
Table 7.
The p-values of algorithm.
Fig 6.
Performance comparisons of MGFOA with state-of-the-art competitors on the IEEE CEC 2017.
Table 8.
Experiments comparing MGFOA with alternative competing algorithms at IEEE CEC 2022 benchmark functions.
Fig 7.
Performance comparisons of MGFOA with state-of-the-art competitors on the IEEE CEC 2022 benchmark functions.
Fig 8.
Log-permeability distribution of three-channel model.
Fig 9.
NPV obtained by the algorithms with iteration.
Fig 10.
The optimal water-injection rate obtained by each algorithm for the three-channel model.
Fig 11.
The optimal liquid-production rate obtained by each algorithm for the three-channel model.