Fig 1.
Gait retraining with biofeedback.
Fig 2.
Picture representing real-time visual feedback for wide step width.
The training process: real-time visual feedback is provided to the subject via the screen. a; The feedback for wide condition when green, b; The feedback for wide condition when red. The aim is to turn the pointer green by keeping the red pointer (step width) inside the shaded area. When the pointer leaves the shaded area, it turns red and when the pointer locates inside the shaded area it turns green.
Fig 3.
The correlation between the phase angle in each quadrant and the relative motion of distal and proximal joints is as follows: A coupling angle of 0° or 180° signifies movement in the distal joint without any movement in the proximal joint.
Conversely, a coupling angle of 90° or 270° reflects motion in the proximal joint while the distal joint remains still. Additionally, vector angles of 45°, 135°, 225°, and 315° represent equal relative motion in both the proximal and distal joints.
Fig 4.
a; The connection between the phase angle in each quadrant and the relative movements of ankle inversion/eversion and knee internal/external rotation is outlined as follows: A vector angle of 0° or 180° signifies that the ankle is moving independently of the knee.
Conversely, a vector angle of 90° or 270° indicates knee movement occurring without any ankle motion. Furthermore, vector angles of 45°, 135°, 225°, and 315° represent balanced relative motion between the knee and the ankle. Fig 4. b; Areas and angles related to each phase.
Table 1.
Demographics, SD= Standard Deviation.
Table 2.
Results of normal and wide step width (cm).
Table 3.
Coordination angle during walking.
Table 4.
Coordination angle during running.
Table 5.
Results of coordination variability during walking.
Table 6.
Results of coordination variability during running.