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Fig 1.

The research framework.

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Fig 2.

2D Rosenbrock function.

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Fig 3.

Rosenbrock function losses for .

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Fig 4.

Rosenbrock function losses for .

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Fig 5.

Rosenbrock function losses for .

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Fig 6.

Rosenbrock function processing time and deviations from constraint for .

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Fig 7.

Rosenbrock function processing time and deviations from constraint for .

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Fig 8.

Rosenbrock function processing time and deviations from constraint for .

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Table 1.

Optimization outcome for the Rosenbrock function.

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Table 1 Expand

Fig 9.

2D Levy function.

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Fig 10.

Levy function losses for .

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Fig 11.

Levy function losses for .

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Fig 12.

Levy function losses for .

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Fig 13.

Levy function losses for .

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Fig 14.

Levy function processing time and deviations from constraint for .

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Fig 15.

Levy function processing time and deviations from constraint for .

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Fig 16.

Levy function processing time and deviations from constraint for .

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Fig 17.

Levy function processing time and deviations from constraint for .

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Table 2.

Optimization outcome for the Levy function.

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Table 2 Expand

Fig 18.

2D Rastrigin function.

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Fig 19.

Rastrigin function losses for .

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Fig 20.

Rastrigin function losses for .

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Fig 21.

Rastrigin function losses for .

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Fig 22.

Rastrigin function losses for .

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Fig 23.

Rastrigin function processing time and deviations from constraint for .

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Fig 24.

Rastrigin function processing time and deviations from constraint for .

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Fig 25.

Rastrigin function processing time and deviations from constraint for .

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Fig 26.

Rastrigin function processing time and deviations from constraint for .

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Table 3.

Optimization outcome for the Rastrigin function.

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Table 3 Expand

Fig 27.

Real-world elongation optimization results. Left: Loss values for each method. Right: Processing time for each method.

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Table 4.

Optimization outcome for the elongation problem.

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