Fig 1.
Notes: LUTD, LDI, LFI, and LLD stand for Land Use Type Data, Landscape Disturbance Index, Landscape Fragility Index, and Landscape Loss Index, respectively.
Table 1.
Classification accuracy.
Table 2.
Geographic data.
Table 3.
Equations for calculating the ecological risk indicators.
Fig 2.
Location of the study area.
Table 4.
Area statistics for oases, transition, and desert zones and changes in landscape patterns from 1990 to 2020.
Fig 3.
Areas of oasis, transition, and desert zones and shifts in landscape patterns from 1990 to 2020.
Fig 4.
Land use change from 1990 to 2020.
Table 5.
Areas of different land use types from 1990 to 2020 (km2).
Fig 5.
Spatiotemporal distribution of ERI in oasis cities (1990—2020).
Table 6.
ERI Thresholds Between Adjacent Zones.
Fig 6.
Boxplots of the Ecological Risk Index (ERI) in the Oasis, Transition, and Desert Zones (1990–2020).
Fig 7.
Results of RF regression model validation and significance of influencing factors (desert area change and spatiotemporal characteristics of ERI).
Fig 8.
Projected land use, ERI and OLS in 2030 under different conditions.
Table 7.
Proportion of land use types in oasis, transition, and desert zones in 2020.