Fig 1.
Flowchart of literature retrieval.
Table 1.
Study characteristics.
Fig 2.
Graph of the risk of bias for the included randomized controlled trials (A); Summary of the risk of bias for the included randomized controlled trials (B).
Fig 3.
The pooled effect of COVID-19 infection rate in non-health care workers and health care workers.
Fig 4.
The pooled effect of COVID-19 asymptomatic infection rate in non-health care workers and health care workers.
Fig 5.
The pooled effect of COVID-19 mild or moderate infection rate in non-health care workers and health care workers.
Fig 6.
The pooled effect of COVID-19 severe infection rate in non-health care workers and health care workers.
Fig 7.
The pooled effect of hospitalization rate associated with COVID-19 in non-health care workers and health care workers.
Fig 8.
The pooled effect of all-cause mortality rate in non-health care workers and health care workers.
Fig 9.
The funnel plot based on COVID-19 infection in non-health care workers (A) and health care workers (B).