Table 1.
Domestic Laundry machine information and thermal monitoring results.
Table 2.
Sublethal laundry detergent concentration and evolution of bacteria tolerance to laundry detergent after repeated exposure.
Fig 1.
Schematic representation of the detergent tolerance induction assay.
Table 3.
Clinically relevant antibiotic screened against each bacterial strain.
Table 4.
Log10 reduction of E. faecium bioindicators following domestic laundering using a 60°C full-length or rapid wash cycle (n=4).
Table 5.
Results survey domestic machine usage and DNA concentration.
Table 6.
Relative abundance of potentially pathogenic genera detected in domestic laundry machine microbiome. Light grey is genera with relative abundance ≥ 1%, genera with a relative abundance ≥ 10% highlighted in dark grey.
Fig 2.
Relative abundance of the ten most common classes and genera among the samples.
a) Relative abundance of microbial classes b) Relative abundance of bacteria genera.
Table 7.
Antibiotic resistance genes detected in domestic laundry machines. The resistance genes are ranked from the highest frequency (top) to the lowest frequency (bottom) among all the samples. Only the 10 most frequent ones are listed. Gene data were extracted from the CARD database. Blue= Genes encoding efflux pumps; Yellow=Genes encoding an antibiotic inhibitor; Green= Genes involved in antibiotic targets alteration; and Grey=Genes involved in different antibiotic.
Fig 3.
Abundance of resistance genes in each DLM samples.
The 10 most abundant resistance genes in the samples are displayed.
Fig 4.
P. aeruginosa antibiotic resistance profile before and after repeated exposure to laundry detergents (liquid or powdered).
Blue markers represent the mean ZoI before exposure to the detergents. Orange markers represent the mean ZoI after exposure to the detergents. The green areas indicate each antibiotic susceptibility area based on the EUCAST (2024) breakpoints [25], the white areas represent the intermediary susceptibility, and the light red areas represent the antibiotic resistance area. When the antibiotic is not clinically relevant no areas is highlighted.
Fig 5.
K. pneumoniae antibiotic resistance profile before and after repeated exposure to laundry detergents (liquid or powdered).
Blue markers represent the mean ZoI before exposure to the detergents. Orange markers represent the mean ZoI after exposure to the detergents. The green areas indicate each antibiotic susceptibility area based on the EUCAST (2024) breakpoints [25], the white areas represent the intermediary susceptibility, and the light red areas represent the antibiotic resistance area. When the antibiotic is not clinically relevant no areas is highlighted.
Fig 6.
S. aureus antibiotic resistance profile before and after repeated exposure to laundry detergents (liquid or powdered).
Blue markers represent the mean ZoI before exposure to the detergents. Orange markers represent the mean ZoI after exposure to the detergents. The green areas indicate each antibiotic susceptibility area based on the EUCAST (2024) breakpoints [25], the white areas represent the intermediary susceptibility, and the light red areas represent the antibiotic resistance area. When the antibiotic is not clinically relevant no areas is highlighted.
Table 8.
Recommendations for the laundering of the healthcare workers uniforms.