Fig 1.
Overview of the judgment experiment.
Each participant performed a three-choice performance judgment task 10 times. The order of questions and playback sequence of the three stimuli in each set were both randomized. Participants were asked to listen to and/or watch three consecutive performance recordings from a single set and then choose the one they believed would achieve the highest rating in the competition. The experiment was conducted with a between-subject design; each participant participated in only one of the three experimental conditions. Note that the stimulus images in the procedures for the visual-only and audio-visual conditions are not actual experimental stimuli; they are reference images created by the authors.
Table 1.
Demographics and musical training background.
Table 2.
Number of participants in each experimental condition.
Fig 2.
Percentage of actual winner selection for each condition in all participants.
The audio-only, visual-only, and audio-visual conditions are denoted as red, blue, and green, respectively. Error bars denote the standard error of the percentage of selecting the actual winner. Each dot corresponds to data from an individual participant. ††p < 0.01 (accuracy rate vs. chance).
Fig 3.
Percentage of actual winner selection for each condition in brass-band musicians.
The audio-only, visual-only, and audio-visual conditions are denoted as red, blue, and green, respectively. Error bars denote the standard error of the percentage of selecting the actual winner. Each dot corresponds to data from an individual participant. †p < 0.01 (accuracy rate vs. chance).
Fig 4.
Percentage of actual winner selection for each condition in non-brass band musicians.
The audio-only, visual-only, and audio-visual conditions are denoted as red, blue, and green, respectively. Error bars denote the standard error of the percentage of selecting the actual winner. Each dot corresponds to data from an individual participant. *p = 0.05, **p < 0.01 (between conditions); ††p < 0.01 (accuracy rate vs. chance).
Fig 5.
Percentage of actual winner selection for each condition in non-musicians.
The audio-only, visual-only, and audio-visual conditions are denoted as red, blue, and green, respectively. Error bars denote the standard error of the percentage of selecting the actual winner. Each dot corresponds to data from an individual participant.
Fig 6.
Group comparison in the audio-only condition.
The left, middle, and right plots represent the results for BMs, NBMs, and NMs, respectively. Error bars denote the standard error of the percentage of selecting the actual winner. Each dot corresponds to data from an individual participant. *p < 0.01 (between groups).
Fig 7.
Group comparison in the visual-only condition.
The left, middle, and right plots represent the results for BMs, NBMs, and NMs, respectively. Error bars denote the standard error of the percentage of selecting the actual winner. Each dot corresponds to data from an individual participant. *p = 0.03 (between groups).
Fig 8.
Group comparison in the audio-visual condition.
The left, middle, and right plots represent the results for BMs, NBMs, and NMs, respectively. Error bars denote the standard error of the percentage of selecting the actual winner. Each dot corresponds to data from an individual participant.