Table 1.
The extracted variable from studies included meta-analysis.
Fig 1.
Flowchart of identification, screening, review, and selection of studies based on the PRISMA 2020 guidelines.
Table 2.
Characteristics of the studies.
Table 3.
Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) scoring for the cohort studies.
Table 4.
Risk factors for POD identified by meta-analysis.
Fig 2.
Forest plot for risk factors of postoperative delirium.
The forest plot indicates the sample size, effect size, 95% confidence interval (95% CI), and weighted effect size of each study. This includes boxes, sample size, filled circle, effect size, horizontal lines, the apex of the rhombus, weighted effect size, rhombus width, and 95% CI. a. Age. b. Preoperative cognitive impairment. c. Dementia comorbidity. d. Preoperative serum albumin level. e. Length of hospital stay. f. Duration of the procedure.
Table 5.
The results of meta-regression analysis performed by considering sample size as covariance.
Fig 3.
Funnel plots with the log odds ratio or MD and leave-one-out sensitivity analyses for characteristics of patients and comorbidity variables. a.
Funnel plot for age. b. Sensitivity analysis for age. c. Funnel plot for preoperative cognitive impairment. d. Sensitivity analysis for preoperative cognitive impairment. e. Funnel plot for dementia comorbidity. d. Sensitivity analysis for comorbidity of dementia.
Fig 4.
Funnel plots with the log odds ratio or MD and leave-one-out sensitivity analyses for pre and intraoperative variables. a.
Funnel plot for preoperative serum albumin level. b. Sensitivity analysis for preoperative serum albumin level. c. Funnel plot for the length of hospital stay. d. Sensitivity analysis for the length of hospital stay. e. Funnel plot for the duration of the procedure.