Fig 1.
Schematic diagram of chiller units [25].
Table 1.
Description of fault types in the RP-1043 dataset.
Fig 2.
Least squares support vector machine model.
Fig 3.
The refracted opposition-based learning mechanism.
Fig 4.
Comparison of population distribution before and after improvement.
Fig 5.
AdaBoost training flowchart.
Fig 6.
Flow chart of the HINGO-LSSVM-IAdaBoost algorithm.
Table 2.
Confusion matrix diagram.
Table 3.
Fault diagnosis results of seven benchmark models.
Fig 7.
AR of the seven benchmark fault diagnosis model.
Table 4.
Model comparison analysis results of LSSVM with different optimization algorithms.
Fig 8.
AR of LSSVM with different optimization algorithms.
Fig 9.
Confusion matrix of model diagnosis result.
Table 5.
Model comparison analysis results.
Fig 10.
AR of the five fault diagnosis model.