Fig 1.
Distribution of Aga Khan University Clinical Laboratories collection points across Pakistan.
Geographic distribution of 307 collection points of Aga Khan University Clinical Laboratories across Pakistan. The collection points are in all 5 provinces of the country, in and around all major cities to have a maximum catchment area. (Map made in R; package ‘sf’. Base map: GADM. Data Source: Aga Khan University Hospital Clinical Laboratories).
Fig 2.
Distribution of suspected and confirmed CCHF cases across Pakistan.
Geographic distribution of suspected and laboratory confirmed CCHF cases across Pakistan (2012 -2023). Samples of suspected cases were received from 39 cities of Pakistan. The blue circles represent the cities from where only suspected cases were received with no confirmed case. The red circles represent the 10 cities from where confirmed cases were reported. The cities from where the confirmed cases were reported are labelled, along with the percentage share of the total number of confirmed cases. (Map made in R; package ‘sf’. Base map: GADM. Data Source: Aga Khan University Hospital Clinical Laboratories).
Fig 3.
Temporal distribution of CCHF cases in Pakistan.
Temporal distribution of suspected and confirmed CCHF cases based on Aga Khan University clinical lab tests (2012-2023). The bars represent the total number of cases received each year. The bars shaded light green represent negative test results and bars shaded dark green represent confirmed positive test results.
Fig 4.
Month-wise distribution of confirmed CCHF cases in Pakistan.
Month-wise distribution of confirmed CCHF cases across Pakistan (2012–2023). The highest number of confirmed CCHF cases were detected during August and September while the least number of positive cases were detected during January and February.
Table 1.
Seasonal distribution of suspected and confirmed CCHF cases (2012–2023) in Pakistan. The highest number of cases were suspected in autumn, whereas the highest number of confirmed cases were detected in summer. Winters recorded the lowest number of suspected and confirmed cases.
Table 2.
Results of the Poisson regression analysis of temperature and precipitation with the number of suspected cases for the 3 cities with the highest number of cases (Karachi, Quetta, Peshawar).
Fig 5.
Effect of temperature, precipitation and seasonality on the number of suspected CCHF cases in 3 cities of Pakistan.
Linear distribution of suspected and confirmed CCHF cases from 2012 to 2023 in (a) Karachi, (b) Quetta and (c) Peshawar. The red line represents the monthly mean precipitation (mm) whereas, the green line represents the monthly mean temperature (°F). The pink bars highlight the months of August and September.