Fig 1.
Location map of the study area.
Table 1.
Data types and their sources.
Table 2.
Definition of LULC classes.
Fig 2.
Spatial variables selected for LULC modeling.
Fig 3.
General methodological flow chart of LULC change and its prediction.
Table 3.
Areas of LULC classes of BMNP in the years (1993, 2003, 2013, and 2023).
Fig 4.
LULC maps of BMNP for the years 1993, 2003, 2013 and 2023.
Fig 5.
LULC Areas (KM2) of BMNP in 1993, 2003, 2013 and 2023.
Table 4.
Accuracy assessments of classified LULC classes for the years (1993, 2003, 2013 and 2023).
Table 5.
Changes in area and the annual rate of growth of LULC classes (km2/year) in BMNP (1993 and 2023).
Fig 6.
Area of LULC changes in BMNP (1993 – 2023).
Table 6.
LULC transition matrix of Bale Mountains National Park (1993–2003).
Table 7.
LULC transition matrix of Bale Mountains National Park (2003–2013).
Table 8.
LULC transition matrix of Bale Mountains National Park (2013–2023).
Table 9.
LULC transition matrix of Bale Mountains National Park (1993–2023).
Fig 7.
Area of LULC changes in BMNP along elevation gradients (1993 – 2023).
Table 10.
A reas of actual and simulated LULC in 2023.
Fig 8.
Actual and simulated LULC map of BMNP for the year 2023.
Table 11.
Predicted areas of LULC classes and their percentage of change in BMNP (2023–2053).
Fig 9.
Projected LULC of BMNP (2033 and 2053).