Fig 1.
A map of NIDA air quality observatory site (NAQOS) in Bangkok, Thailand.
Table 1.
Statistical description of meteorological parameters obtained from this study.
Table 2.
Statistical description of PAH contents (pg m−3) in PM7.0 and above, PM4.7–7.0, PM3.3–4.7, PM2.1–3.3, PM1.1–2.1, and PM0.65–1.1.
Table 3.
Comparison of Total PAHs contents (ng m−3) with previous studies.
Fig 2.
∑PAHs(3,4) and ∑PAHs(5,6) in PM7.0 and above, PM4.7–7.0, PM3.3–4.7, PM2.1–3.3, PM1.1–2.1, and PM0.65–1.1.
Fig 3.
Percentage contributions of particulate PAH congeners (ng g−1) in PM7.0 and above, PM4.7–7.0, PM3.3–4.7, PM2.1–3.3, PM1.1–2.1, and PM0.65–1.1.
Table 4.
Diagnostic binary ratios of PAH contents (pg m−3) in six different particle sizes obtained from this study in comparison with previous studies.
Table 5.
Pearson correlation analysis of PAH concentrations (pg m−3) in six different particle sizes collected at NAQOS.
Fig 4.
Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of PAHs in PM7.0 and above, PM4.7–7.0, PM3.3–4.7, PM2.1–3.3, PM1.1–2.1, and PM0.65–1.1.
Table 6.
Principal component analysis of PAH concentrations (pg m−3) in six different particle sizes collected at NAQOS.
Fig 5.
Comparison of factor profile extracted by the PMF model.
A total of three factors were finally selected as the best solutions, including the light vehicle releases, biomass burnings, and diesel emissions.
Fig 6.
Source contributions to 12 PAH congeners in PM7.0 and above, PM4.7–7.0, PM3.3–4.7, PM2.1–3.3, PM1.1–2.1, and PM0.65–1.1.
Table 7.
B[a]P toxic equivalent quotient (TEQ) for the measured PAH contents (pg m−3) in six different particle sizes collected at NAQOS.
Table 8.
Lifetime lung cancer risk (LLCR) for the detected PAH concentrations in six different particle sizes collected at NAQOS.