Table 1.
Concentrations (c) or activities (a) of the biochemical compounds involved in the cellular respiration and energy metabolism and their variability in the workerbees sampled from the control groups, unexposed to imidacloprid.
Fig 1.
The effect of exposure to imidacloprid on the hemolymph of workerbees sampled from colonies fed diets with different additions of imidacloprid.
Explanations: Each of the effects was shown as a difference between the mean in a given experimental group (IM-5 or IM-200) and the appropriate control group expressed as the percentage of the mean for this control group ( Each of these differences was significant at p < 0.001 – if they were not, they could not be considered here. The differences between IM-5 and IM-200 were also significant at p < 0.05 when compared within each of the compound separately. Detailed information about the statistical characteristics, including variability levels, is available in S1, S2 Figs and S2 Table, as well as in Table 1. The abbreviations used are as follows: Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA). Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH-2). Alpha-Ketoglutarate (AKG). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH2). Cytochrome C Oxidase (COX). Cytochrome C reductase (UQRC). Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The activities were evaluated for UQRC and COX, whereas it was the concentrations that were considered for the remaining biochemical compounds. The group in which the bees were fed with the diet containing 5 ppb of imidacloprid (IM-5). The group in which the bees were fed with the diet containing 200 ppb of imidacloprid (IM-200).
Fig 2.
The effect of exposure to imidacloprid on the fat body of workerbees sampled from colonies fed diets with different additions of imidacloprid.
Explanations: Each of the effects was shown as the difference between the mean in a given experimental group (IM-5 or IM-200) and the appropriate control group expressed as the percentage of the mean for this control group (Each of these differences was significant at p < 0.001 – if they were not, they could not be considered here. The differences between IM-5 and IM-200 were also significant at p < 0.05 when compared within each of the compound separately. Detailed information about the statistical characteristics, including variability, is available in S1, S2 Figs and S2 Table, as well as in Table 1. The abbreviations used are as follows: Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA). Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH-2). Alpha-Ketoglutarate (AKG). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH2). Cytochrome C Oxidase (COX). Cytochrome C reductase (UQCR). Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The activities were evaluated for CoC and COX, whereas it was the concentrations that were considered for the remaining biochemical compounds. The group in which the bees were fed with the diet containing 5 ppb of imidacloprid (IM-5). The group in which the bees were fed with the diet containing 200 ppb of imidacloprid (IM-200).
Fig 3.
Projection of variables (biochemical compounds in our workerbees) on the PC1 and PC2 loading plot.
Explanations: Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA). Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH-2). Alpha-Ketoglutarate (AKG). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH2). Cytochrome C Oxidase (COX). Cytochrome C reductase (UQRC). Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The activities were evaluated for UQRC and COX, whereas it was the concentrations that were considered for the remaining biochemical compounds.
Fig 4.
Projection of the diet and tissue types on the PC1 and PC2 score plots.
Explanations: The group in which the bees were not given imidacloprid in their diet (IM-0). The group in which the bees were fed with the diet containing 5 ppb of imidacloprid (IM-5). The group in which the bees were fed with the diet containing 200 ppb of imidacloprid (IM-200).