Table 1.
Sample information of Aspongopus chinensis Dallas and its similar insects.
Fig 1.
Extraction and separation flowchart of Aspongopus chinensis Dallas(A, B) and the liquid-phase diagram of small molecule compounds from A. chinensis (C).
Note: Uracil(compound 1); 6-hydroxykynurenic acid(compound 2); 1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-2-carboxylic acid(compound 3); delicatuline B(compound 4).
Fig 2.
The UPLC-Q-TOF-MS chromatogram of Aspongopus chinensis Dallas in positive and negative ion modes (A). Mass spectrum in positive and negative ion modes at retention time of 7.19min. (B). Structural formula of the identified compounds from A. chinensis by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS (1-10) (C).
Table 2.
The identified compounds from Aspongopus chinensis Dallas by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS.
Fig 3.
Structural formula of isolated compounds from Aspongopus chinensis Dallas.
Note: Uracil(compound 1),6-hydroxykynurenic acid(compound 2),1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-2-carboxylic acid(compound 3),and delicatuline B(compound 4).
Fig 4.
Control chromatograms of Aspongopus chinensis Dallas and its similar insects (A) and fingerprints of A. chinensis (1-16), Cyclopelta parva Distant (1-8), and Megymenum inerme H-S(1-4) (B, C, D).
Table 3.
Principal component characteristic values and cumulative variance contribution rates.
Fig 5.
Principal component analysis scree plot (A), PLS-DA score plot (B), VIP value of 8 peaks of Aspongopus chinensis Dallas and its similar insects (C) and the standard curve of 1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-2-carboxylic acid (compound 3) (D).
Fig 6.
Anticoagulant activity of compounds from Aspongopus chinensis Dallas(A,B).
Standard curve of urokinase activity (C), and fibrin plate dissolution circle (D). Note: Compounds 1 (uracil), 2 (6-hydroxykynurenic acid), 3 (1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-2-carboxylic acid), and 4 (delicatuline B); * indicates comparison with control group, * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level; ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level. A, B, C, D circles (D) are compounds 1, 2, 3, 4; 1 ~ 5 represents urokinase activity of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 U·mL-1 respectively.
Fig 7.
Protein Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network diagram (A); “component-target” network diagram (B); Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis histogram (C); Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis bubble diagram (D).
Table 4.
Pathway enrichment analysis of main targets.
Fig 8.
A illustrates the survival rates of CCK-8 experimental cells treated with compounds 1 (uracil), 2 (6-hydroxykynurenic acid), 3 (1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-2-Carboxylic acid), and extracts from Aspongopus chinensis Dallas.
B and C demonstrate the effects of compounds 1, 2,and 3 on the expression levels of the PGST2 (B) and MMP9 (C) genes. Note: * indicates comparison with control group; * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level; ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level; # indicates comparison with model group; # Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level; ## Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level.
Fig 9.
Aspongopus chinensis Dallas extract affects mouse coagulation time (A); Mouse tail tip bleeding time (B); Rat activated partial thromboplastin time (C); Rat thrombin time (D); Rat prothrombin time (E).
Note:DDP is the Compound Danshen Dropping Pills solution group, and the high-dose, medium-dose, and low-dose groups are the A. chinensis extract concentration gradient group; CT is the coagulation time of ocular vein blood; BT is the blood coagulation time; APTT is activated partial thromboplastin time; PT is prothrombin time; TT is rat thrombin time; * indicates comparison with control group; * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level; ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level.
Table 5.
Effect of Aspongopus chinensis Dallas extract on the platelet aggregation function(‾x ± s, n = 6).