Fig 1.
Model of content knowledge development in many teacher preparation programs.
Table 1.
Conversion from letter grade to values.
Table 2.
Number of students in each MAJOR TYPE.
Table 3.
Students and GRADES in each course.
Table 4.
Fixed effects parameter estimates for each course’s final linear mixed model: GRADE ~ MAJOR TYPE + (1 | SECTION).
Fig 2.
Final course grades of elementary education majors compared to other majors in each general education course.
The average course grades on the x axis were calculated as estimated marginal means following linear mixed modeling for each course. Major type was included as a fixed effect, and section as a random effect (GRADE ~ MAJOR TYPE + (1 | SECTION)). Error bars are 95% confidence intervals. The small letters indicate statistical equivalence or difference based on 95% confidence interval overlap of model parameter estimates. As each course was modeled separately, no conclusions can be drawn regarding differences across the dashed lines.