Table 1.
Adjuvant treatments used in this experiment. An asterisk (*) indicates that the concentration of principal functioning agents is not given and the SDS states that the components are not hazardous or are below required disclosure limits.
Table 2.
48-hour LC50 estimates of each adjuvant applied to adult bees using a Potter Spray Tower. All adjuvant LC50 estimates were above the maximum rate tested. Values in parenthesis indicate 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 1.
(A), 0.2% Fenpyroximate (B), and 20% Oxalic Acid (C) treatments in cage trials, where efficacy is determined to be the number of Varroa mites that fell in 24 hours divided by the total number of Varroa mites in each cage. Adjuvant concentrations were 0.5% for all Ecostep adjuvants and 0.1% for Silwet L-7500 copolymer. Significant difference (P < 0.05) from the glycerin control is indicated by an asterisk (*) and significant difference (P < 0.05) from the active ingredient alone is indicated by a dagger (†).
Fig 2.
Varroa levels from pre- and post-treatment alcohol washes in year 1 (A) and year 2 (B) field trials.
Points indicate mites per 100 bees for each colony, and lines connect pre- and post-treatment data for each individual colony. A statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) between post- and pre-treatment Varroa levels within treatments, determined using a GLMM, is indicated with an asterisk (*).
Table 3.
Average daily Varroa mite drop over the treatment period. Day 0 is the initial time of treatment. Baseline indicates daily mite drop for the 48-hour period prior to treatment application. Values indicate average daily mite drop during the measurement period for each treatment, with standard deviation listed in parenthesis, where baseline indicates the 48-hour period before treatment.
Fig 3.
The cumulative mite drop for colonies in Year 1.
Each point indicates the average daily mite drop for each measurement period plus the sum of all previous measurement periods. The baseline measurement is not included in the cumulative measurement. Treatments were applied at day 0, immediately prior to the start of mite drop sample collection.