Fig 1.
Causal directed acyclic graph (DAG) of the relationship between time-varying exposures for example, HbA1C-SD
(A), on the risk of cardiovascular diseases (Y). L stand for time-varying confounders (such as glucose lowering medications) and U indicates unmeasured risk factors, with only two visits, depicted by subscripts 0 and 1.
Table 1.
Summary of covariates used to model** incidence of cardiovascular diseases during 5 years of follow-up in the type 2 diabetes patients in diabetes clinic (2017-2022).
Fig 2.
The flowchart of the inclusion of diabetic patients in the final analysis.
Table 2.
Baseline characteristics according to the decile of 5-year HbA1c-SD in 2078 type2 diabetes patients in clinic of diabetes*.
Fig 3.
Comparing the 5-year risk of CVD under no intervention (observed risk) and simulated (g-form risk) for A) HbA1C-SD and B) FPG-SD model.
Table 3.
Adjusted 5-year risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) under different levels of HbA1c-SD, FPG-SD, and HbA1c value, using parametric g-formula.
Fig 4.
5-year risk of cardiovascular diseases under exposure deciles of A) HbA1C-CV and B) FPG-CV.
To avoid plot complexity, we only reported the risk for the first, fifth, ninth and tenth deciles.
Table 4.
Adjusted 5-year risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) under different levels of joint hypothetical intervention on deciles of HbA1c-SD in different levels of HbA1c using parametric g-formula.