Fig 1.
Impacted porcine brain slabs used for strain data collection within elastomer encasements, focused on areas containing the relevant ROI and 3-node triangular elements.
On average, a slab would contain five ROIs for neuron reconstruction analysis and a corresponding triangular strain element per ROI. Indicated are the strain elements (in green) in various locations within the arm and apex of the porcine sulcus.
Fig 2.
Dendritic spine density in both apical and basal porcine cortical pyramidal cells 1 hour after impact.
A) Mean spine density (spine/10µm) along apical dendrites. The apical dendrite spine density did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.17) comparing control and impact conditions. B) Mean spine density along basal dendrites. There was a significant decrease in spine density along the basal dendrites 1 hour after impact ( * = p < 0.05). C) Representative image of Golgi-Cox-stained dendritic spines along the basal dendrites at 100x magnification. Scale bar = 10µm. These data are expressed as mean ± SD.
Fig 3.
Dendritic spine proportions along the apical dendrite shifting towards mushroom-type spines 1 hour after impact.
A) Mean spine type densities. B) Mean spine proportions for apical dendrites showed a shift towards mushroom-type spines (solid line = within-group differences, dashed line = between-group differences). C) Representative images of different spine morphology for spine type classification (white arrow indicates example of corresponding spine type). Scale bar in C) = 5µm. * represents p < 0.05. Data are expressed as mean ± SD.
Fig 4.
Dendritic spine proportions along the basal dendrite shifting towards mushroom-type spines 1 hour after impact.
A) Mean spine type densities. B) Mean spine proportions for basal dendrites shifted towards mushroom-type spines in both the arm and apex of porcine cortical tissue (solid line = within-group differences, dashed line = between-group differences). C) Representative images of different spine morphology for spine type classification (white arrow indicates example of corresponding spine type). Scale bar in C) = 5µm. * represents p < 0.05. Data are expressed as mean ± SD.
Fig 5.
Cortical complexity measurements of both basal and apical dendrites within the porcine cortex.
A) Schematic representation of pyramidal neurons in the arm and apex of both conditions. Scale bar = 100µm, while each concentric ring is increasing radii by 10µm from the soma. B) Mean complexity measurements were similar across groups and conditions 1 hour after impact. These data are expressed as mean ± SD.
Fig 6.
An example of maximum principal strain (MPS) response for ex vivo porcine brain tissue sample 5 with inset image showing the locations of the 3-node triangular elements (ROI) used in the calculations.
Fig 7.
Proportion of mushroom-type spines in the apical dendrites plotted against A) MPS, B) mPs, and C) maximum shear strain. Proportion of mushroom-type spines in the basal dendrites plotted against D) MPS, E) mPS, and F) maximum shear strain. Each marker represents a different region measured within the cortex of the 5 slabs evaluated. Solid markers represent regions corresponding to the arm location of the sulcus, whereas unfilled markers represent the apex location regions. The percentage spine proportion of the control porcine coronal slabs have been plotted as dashed lines in the same color as the corresponding impact slabs.
Fig 8.
The total average tensile, compressive and shear strain in the regions corresponding to the arm and the apex locations of the sulcus.
These data are expressed as mean ± SD.