Fig 1.
Polarization in prose in U.S. Circuit Courts.
Notes: Polarization measures over time in U.S. Circuit Courts, 1891–2013 for writing. The blue line gives the average polarization in the true dataset. The red line gives the average polarization in the shuffled dataset (random party affiliations). Error bars indicate the 99% confidence interval.
Fig 2.
Polarization in precedents in U.S. Circuit Courts.
Notes: Polarization measures over time in U.S. Circuit Courts, 1891-2013 for citations. The blue line gives the average polarization in the true dataset. The red line gives the average polarization in the shuffled dataset (random party affiliations). Error bars indicate the 99% confidence interval.
Table 1.
Polarization in divided panels.
Table 2.
Polarization in divided panels.
Table 3.
Electoral cycles in text and citation.
Table 4.
Polarization in SCOTUS vacancies.