Fig 1.
Results of carrot seed germination in water.
Raw data for Area Under Curve (AUC, vertical axis) are shown for each tested accession (horizontal axis), accompanied by means (× symbols) and standard deviations (whiskers), respectively. Each dot corresponds to the AUC score calculated based on germination rates of 25 seeds, calculated in GerminatoR. After single factorial ANOVA, a test for Tukey’s Honestly Significant Differences was carried out at α = 0.05; the results are indicated by lettering–groups with the same letter code are not significantly different. The critical value of the Studentized Range for α = 0.05 was determined to be 4.58106.
Fig 2.
Results of carrot seed germination in varying concentrations of NaCl.
(indicated in legend, bottom-right). Raw data for Area Under Curve (AUC, vertical axis) are shown for each tested accession and NaCl concentration (horizontal axis), respectively, accompanied by means (× symbols) and standard deviations (whiskers), respectively. Each dot corresponds to the AUC score calculated based on germination rates of 25 seeds, calculated in GerminatoR. After single factorial ANOVA, a test for Tukey’s Honestly Significant Differences was carried out at α = 0.05 independently for carrot genotypes and NaCl concentration; the results are indicated by lettering (capital lettering for accessions; small lettering for NaCl concentration); groups with the same letter code are not significantly different. The critical value of the Studentized Range for α = 0.05 was determined to be 4.337872 (carrot accession) and 3.66695 (NaCl concentration), respectively.
Fig 3.
Results of carrot seed germination in varying concentrations of KCl.
(indicated in legend, bottom-right). Raw data for Area Under Curve (AUC, vertical axis) are shown for each tested accession and KCl concentration (horizontal axis), respectively, accompanied by means (× symbols) and standard deviations (whiskers), respectively. Each dot corresponds to the AUC score calculated based on germination rates of 25 seeds, calculated in GerminatoR. After 2-way ANOVA, a test for Tukey’s Honestly Significant Differences was carried out at α = 0.05 for interaction between carrot accessions and KCl concentration; the results are indicated by lettering; groups with the same letter code are not significantly different. The critical value of the Studentized Range for α = 0.05 was determined to be 5.481419.
Fig 4.
Results of carrot seed germination in varying concentrations of NPK.
(indicated in legend, bottom-right). Raw data for Area Under Curve (AUC, vertical axis) are shown for each tested accession and NPK concentration (horizontal axis), accompanied by means (× symbols) and standard deviations, respectively. Each dot corresponds to the AUC score calculated based on germination rates of 25 seeds, calculated in GerminatoR. After single factorial ANOVA, a test for Tukey’s Honestly Significant Differences was carried out at α = 0.05 independently for carrot accessions and NPK concentration; the results are indicated by lettering (capital lettering for genotypes; small lettering for NPK concentration); groups with the same letter code are not significantly different. The critical value of the Studentized Range for α = 0.05 was determined to be 155.0371 (carrot accession) and 3.699002 (NPK concentration), respectively.
Fig 5.
Results of carrot seed (M1933, M1945, ‘Perfekcja’) germination under drought stress imposed by PEG.
(indicated in legend, right). Raw data for Area Under Curve (AUC, vertical axis) are shown for each tested accession under water (0) and 5% w/v PEG treatments (horizontal axis), respectively, accompanied by means (× symbols) and standard deviations (whiskers), respectively. Each dot corresponds to the AUC score calculated based on germination rates of 25 seeds, calculated in GerminatoR. After single factorial ANOVA, a test for Tukey’s Honestly Significant Differences was carried out at α = 0.05 independently for carrot accessions and test conditions (water vs. PEG); the results are indicated by lettering (capital lettering for genotypes; small lettering for condition); groups with the same letter code are not significantly different. The critical value of the Studentized Range for α = 0.05 was determined to be 3.424983 (carrot accession) and 2.845031 (PEG concentration), respectively.
Fig 6.
Results of carrot seed germination under drought or NaCl stresses and impacts of metabolic inhibitors.
Carrot genotypes tested (M1933, M1945, ‘Perfekcja’) are indicated. Raw data for Area Under Curve (AUC, vertical axis) are shown for each tested accession accompanied (horizontal axis) by means (* symbols) and standard deviations, respectively, under water (H2O), NaCl, and PEG treatments, respectively. Each dot corresponds to the AUC score calculated based on germination rates of 25 seeds, calculated in GerminatoR. Each condition was also tested for the effects of four inhibitors: actinomycin D (actD); cycloheximide (cycl); cytochalasin (cytoch), and hydroxyurea, as compared to germination in water (H2O). Post-ANOVA Tukey groupings are omitted from the figure for clarity of presentation–see S1 Table).
Fig 7.
Results of carrot seed germination (M1933; sensitivity standard) after priming using several compounds.
(water, 50 mM NaCl; 5% v/v PEG 8000; or 100 μM GA3), and germination under various conditions (water, 50 mM NaCl, or 5% v/v PEG 8000). Raw data for Area Under Curve (AUC, vertical axis) are shown for each tested accession (horizontal axis) accompanied by means (× symbols) and standard deviations (whiskers), respectively. Each dot corresponds to the AUC score calculated based on germination rates of 25 seeds, calculated in GerminatoR. Post-ANOVA Tukey groupings are indicated per each germination condition in the legend (bottom-right).
Fig 8.
Dynamics of carrot seedling growth.
Graphs show (A) root length [mm]; (B) shoot length [mm]; (C) Root:Shoot lengths ratio (vertical axes). Each dot corresponds to the growth score noted at a given time and for each indicated carrot genotype (horizontal axis). The 95% confidence intervals are indicated by grey shading. Seeds of M1933 (NaCl sensitivity standard) and M1945 (tolerance standard) were germinated for 7 days under indicated conditions, and then transferred at 14 and 21 days. Root and shoot lengths were measured each 7 days. Statistically different groups in A and C for interaction of genotype × time × growth conditions are indicated; groups for B showed significance for all three double interactions only and are presented in S1 Table. Note: No seedlings were recovered for M1939 control (germinated in water; transferred to water) at 21 dpi.
Fig 9.
Analyses of biochemical parameters of carrot seedlings.
(M1933, M1945, ‘Perfekcja’) germinating under water (H2O) or under imposed salinity (NaCl) or drought (PEG). Shown are raw data for each assay, recalculated per mg dry weight (and 1 min of reaction, wherever applicable) alongside the means (× symbols) and standard errors (whiskers). Each dot corresponds to the result of a single biochemical assessment, as an average of three technical tests. Vertical axes–values for a given biochemical parameter tested; horizontal axis–carrot seedlings and testing conditions.