Fig 1.
Meteorological parameters during (a) 2020; (b) 2021; (c) 2022; (d) 2023.
Fig 2.
Schematic diagram showing Pusa N Doctor app implementation.
Here, DGCI is the dark green colour index; RGB is red, green and blue colour space; HSB is the hue, saturation and brightness colour space; and INSEY is the in-season estimated yield.
Table 1.
Treatments details of the validation plot.
Table 2.
Initial soil properties of the experimental field.
Table 3.
Maize plant height across the treatments at 30 DAS, 60 DAS, 90 DAS and at harvest.
Table 4.
Leaf area index (LAI) of maize across the treatments.
Table 5.
Crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) of maize across the treatments.
Fig 3.
Effect of treatments on shelling (%) of maize.
Fig 4.
Effect of nitrogen management practices on Harvest Index (%) in maize. The different lowercase letters correspond to the treatments are significantly different at p < 0.05 according to LSD.
Table 6.
N (%) in maize plant at 40 DAS, 50 DAS, N (%) in maize grain and stover at harvest across the treatments.
Fig 5.
Effect of nitrogen management practices on the Physiological efficiency of nitrogen in maize. The different lowercase letters correspond to the treatments are significantly different at p < 0.05 according to LSD.
Fig 6.
Effect of nitrogen management practices on the Partial Nitrogen Balance in maize. The different lowercase letters correspond to the treatments are significantly different at p < 0.05 according to LSD.
Fig 7.
Effect of nitrogen management practices on the Internal Utilization Efficiency of Nitrogen in maize. The different lowercase letters correspond to the treatments are significantly different at p < 0.05 according to LSD.
Fig 8.
Effect of nitrogen management practices on the Virtual Nitrogen Factor in maize. The different lowercase letters correspond to the treatments are significantly different at p < 0.05 according to LSD.
Fig 9.
Effect of different nitrogen management practices on the saving of cost over RDF ($/ha). Vertical bars represent standard error (SE) within each treatment. For treatment details, please refer
Fig 10.
Effect of nitrogen management practices on the GHGI of Nitrous oxide (kg CO2-eq/t). The different lowercase letters correspond to the treatments are significantly different at p < 0.05 according to LSD.
Fig 11.
Effect of nitrogen management practices on the Eco-efficiency index (US $/MJ) in maize. The black line within the plot represents the mean. The different lowercase letters correspond to the treatments are significantly different at p < 0.05 according to LSD.
Fig 12.
Effect of nitrogen management practices on the Eco-efficiency index (US $/kg CO2 eq) in maize. The black line within the plot represents the mean. The different lowercase letters correspond to the treatments are significantly different at p < 0.05 according to LSD.