Fig 1.
Geographic location of the study area.
Fig 2.
The MLPMCM prediction methodology.
Fig 3.
Net changes in LULC areas over the periods 1985-2005 and 2005-2022.
Fig 4.
The change in areas, among the 1985-2005 and 2005-2022 periods, of the main transitions (towards urban and agriculture areas).
Table 1.
The MLPMCM transitions model (Periods 1985-2005 and 2005-2022).
Fig 5.
(a) LULC transitional probability map for the year 2050, (b) Projected LULC map for the year 2050.
Fig 6.
Actual urban areas to the years 1985, 2005, and 2022 and Predicted urban areas for the years 2050 and 2100.
Fig 7.
Previous and forecasted tendencies of LULC dynamics.
Fig 8.
Previous and forecasted tendencies of natural vegetation and bare soil.
Fig 9.
Anticipated climate change 1951-2100: Anticipated temperature increase (data from: ESCWA et al. 2017 [44]).
Table 2.
Vulnerability of urban growth and agriculture expansion areas to climate change.