Fig 1.
Flowchart of the experimental procedure.
Fig 2.
Design view of horn antenna.
Fig 3.
Simulated reflection coefficient graph of the horn antenna, depicting impedance characteristics across the frequency range from 0 GHz to 15 GHz.
Fig 4.
Simulated reflection coefficient graph of the horn antenna, depicting impedance characteristics across the frequency range from 8 GHz to 12 GHz.
Fig 5.
Cutting views of the R = 100 mm radius of the sphere by different sizes of the plan (yellow in color) to get the different thickness of Lens (a) T = 70 mm (b) T = 50 mm (c) T = 25 mm (d) T = 15 mm.
Fig 6.
Horn antenna as feed antenna.
Fig 7.
Variation of directivity and angular width with feed position: (a) Graph with dual Y-axes, (b) Graph with single Y-axis.
Table 1.
Optimized values of directivity and angular width at various positions of feed around the calculated focal length of Lens at R = 74.35 mm and f = 165.5 mm.
Fig 8.
Variation of directivity and angular beam width with lens thickness.
Fig 9.
Proposed view of optimized dielectric lens (a) bottom view (b) perspective view.
Table 2.
Final optimized values of lens.
Fig 10.
Simulated reflection coefficient graph of horn antenna after placing it infront of lens.
Fig 11.
Simulated voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of the horn antenna after placing it infront of the lens.
Fig 12.
Fabricated lens antenna in wooden frame (a) Front side in a fixed frame (b) Back side in a fixed frame (c) Front Side in a customized frame (d) Back side in customized frame.
Fig 13.
Integrated reflection coefficient graph of the feed and lens showing impedance matching performance from 8 GHz to 12 GHz.
Fig 14.
Directivity pattern of the horn antenna at 11 GHz, illustrating the radiation intensity and directional focus (a) 3D plot (b) polar plot.
Fig 15.
Enhanced directivity pattern achieved by deploying a dielectric lens in the antenna system at 11 GHz (a) 3D Plot (b) Polar Plot.
Fig 16.
The convergence of energy after deploying dielectric lens.
Fig 17.
The Measured Integrated results of Directivity (a) Far-field radiation pattern of the antenna with lens, illustrating focused energy and high directivity (b) Radiation pattern of the antenna after passing through the lens, showing energy convergence and focusing towards the focal point (c) Radiation pattern of the antenna with lens, demonstrating focused energy and directional beam.
Fig18.
The integrated result of far-field directivity (phi = 90 ∘ ).
Table 3.
Comparison of dielectric lens designs.