Fig 1.
Flow diagram of the studies included in the meta-analysis.
Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis.
Table 2.
Summary risk estimates for the association between overweight/obesity and risk of digestive system cancers.
Fig 2.
Forest plot of the association between overweight and digestive system cancers in the total population.
(A) Pancreatic cancer; (B) Gastric cancer; (C) Liver cancer; (D) Colorectal cancer; (E) Esophageal cancer.
Fig 3.
Forest plot of the association between obesity and digestive system cancers in the total population.
(A) Pancreatic cancer; (B) Gastric cancer; (C) Liver cancer; (D) Colorectal cancer; (E) Esophageal cancer.
Fig 4.
Trial sequential analysis of the association between overweight and digestive system cancers in the total population.
(A) Pancreatic cancer; (B) Gastric cancer; (C) Liver cancer; (D) Colorectal cancer; (E) Esophageal cancer. Uppermost and lowermost red curves represent trial sequential monitoring boundary lines for benefit and harm, respectively. Inner red lines represent the futility boundary. Blue line represents evolution of cumulative Z-score. Horizontal green lines represent the conventional boundaries for statistical significance. Cumulative Z-curve crossing the trial sequential monitoring boundary or the RIS boundary provides firm evidence of effect.
Fig 5.
Trial sequential analysis of the association between obesity and digestive system cancers in the total population.
(A) Pancreatic cancer; (B) Gastric cancer; (C) Liver cancer; (D) Colorectal cancer; (E) Esophageal cancer. Uppermost and lowermost red curves represent trial sequential monitoring boundary lines for benefit and harm, respectively. Inner red lines represent the futility boundary. Blue line represents evolution of cumulative Z-score. Horizontal green lines represent the conventional boundaries for statistical significance. Cumulative Z-curve crossing the trial sequential monitoring boundary or the RIS boundary provides firm evidence of effect.