Table 1.
Summary of road alignment parameters used for road modeling.
Fig 1.
Schematic diagram of Type iii superelevation transition.
Fig 2.
3D model of the road.
Fig 3.
An example of road model meshing.
Fig 4.
The test personnel were measuring the rainfall intensity and WFD.
(a) WFD was being measured on-site using a feeler gauge. (b) Rainfall was being collected on-site using a rain gauge. (c) Rainfall intensity was being measured on-site using a measuring cylinder.
Table 2.
Measurement values of WFD at each test site.
Table 3.
Summary of conventional WFD prediction models.
Fig 5.
Comparison of DE-WFD with M-WFD.
Fig 6.
Comparison of DE-WFD with conventional models.
Fig 7.
Spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of WFD road segments of Types i.
Fig 8.
Spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of WFD road segments of Types ii.
Fig 9.
Spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of WFD road segments of Types iii.
Fig 10.
The difference in WFD between Type iii and Type i.
(a) ih = -0.02, ig = 0.005, TXD = 0.55 mm. (b) Sag vertical curve, Ir = 7.8 mm/h, R = 3000 m, DTC = 15.5 m.
Fig 11.
The disparity in WFD between Type iii and Type i.
(a) ih = -0.02, ig = 0.03, TXD = 0.55 mm. (b) Ir = 7.8mm/h, p = 1/330, DTC = 15.5 m.
Table 4.
Critical WFD value.
Fig 12.
Rainfall conditions for reaching critical WFD and maximum WFD across different road alignments (Note: The values on the road alignments axis denote road type number_superelevation_grade_TXD).
(a) Rainfall intensity and duration required to reach critical WFD. (b) Maximum WFD corresponding to the road segments and rainfall intensities described in (a).
Fig 13.
The rainfall conditions necessary to reach critical WFD.
(a) Type i. (b) Type ii (Crest Vertical Curve). (c) Type ii (Sag Vertical Curve). (d) Type iii.