Fig 1.
Effects of TQ on A172 cell viability.
Viability of A172 cells after treatment with control, 10, 25, and 50 μM concentrations of TQ for 24 hours (A) and 48 hours (B and C). Cell viability was measured using WST-8 assay (A and B) and Toluidine Blue assay (C). The data are presented as the mean ±Standard Deviation. 0.1% DMSO was used for each treatment, including control. (n = 3 for each treatment, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001).
Fig 2.
Volcano plots of DEGs in A172 cells after TQ treatment.
Volcano Plots showing the distribution of all the DEGs (lfc > |1|, FDR < 0.05) identified in 25 μM TQ treatment for 48 hours in A172 cells (A) and 50 μM TQ treatment for 48 hours in A172 cells (B). Top 50 DEGs are labeled. Each dot represents a single gene.
Fig 3.
Venn diagrams of shared and unique up- and down-regulated genes.
Venn-diagrams depicting the common and unique significantly up-regulated (A) and down-regulated (B) genes between Control vs 25 μM and Control vs 50 μM treatment.
Fig 4.
Heat map of significant DEGs in 25 μM and 50 μM TQ treatment showing the corresponding gene expressions. Blue color represents significantly downregulated genes, and red color represents significantly up-regulated genes.
Fig 5.
KEGG pathway enrichment of common DEGs.
KEGG pathway enrichment bar plot for the common up-regulated (A) and down-regulated (B) genes in 25 and 50 μM TQ treatment for 48 hours on A172 glioblastoma cells. All common DEGs from the treatment were used for pathway analysis.
Fig 6.
GO enrichment for common DEGs in 25 and 50 μM TQ treatment for 48 hours on A172 glioblastoma cells. GO categories contain three domains: biological process (A), cellular Component (B), and molecular function (C). All common DEG from treatment were used for ontology enrichment.
Fig 7.
qRT-PCR validation of RNA-seq results.
Validation of RNA-seq results by qRT-PCR in 25μM (A) and 50μM (B) TQ treatment condition. mRNA expressions of WNT7B, CHAC1, DUSP5, and CD300A were analyzed using qRT-PCR. The same RNA used for RNA-seq was used for qRT-PCR. RNA was extracted from A172 cells treated with control, 25 μM, and 50 μM TQ for 48 hours. The data are presented as the mean ±Standard Error of mean. (n = 3 for each treatment).
Table 1.
The fold change of some important genes over different treatment conditions in RNA-seq and qRT-PCR.