Fig 1.
Long-term (1991–2022) monthly rainfall (bar), maximum (A), and minimum (B) temperature at Kile site.
Table 1.
Treatment combinations in the first-year and second-year cropping systems for sorghum.
Table 2.
Preliminary physico-chemical properties of vermicompost and pre-treated soil.
Table 3.
Second-year post-harvest mean squares of ANOVA of soil physico-chemical properties at Kile in 2022 cropping seasons.
Fig 2.
Joint interaction effect of vermicompost and planting methods on soil organic carbon (A) and bulk density
(B), as well as two-way interaction effect of vermicompost and seedbed types on soil BD (C); “SS,” “SB,” “F,” and “TD” stand for “sole sorghum,” “intercropped sorghum with groundnut,” “flat bed,” and “tied ridge,” respectively. Boxes sharing the same letter under each figure were statistically similar.
Table 4.
Residual effect of vermicompost and cropping systems on soil EC and CEC in 2022 years at Kile.
Fig 3.
Two-way interaction effect of vermicompost and planting methods on soil pH.
Line sharing the same letter was statistically similar.
Table 5.
Residual effect of vermicompost and cropping systems on soil N and P in 2022 years at Kile.
Fig 4.
Two-way interaction effect of vermicompost and planting methods on soil Exch.
Potassium (A), Exch. calcium (B), and Exch. Magnesium (C). Box sharing the same letter under each figure was statistically similar.
Table 6.
Interaction effect of vermicompost and sowing methods on Zn, Fe, and Mn in 2022 years at Kile.
Table 7.
Interaction effect of vermicompost, seedbed type, and cropping systems on soil moisture content (SOM) during the 2022 year at Kile.
Fig 5.
Three-way interaction effect of all factor on Striga density; LSD=Least significant difference; CV=Coefficient of variation. Bar sharing the same letter under each figure were statistically similar.
Table 8.
Residual effect of vermicompost under previous intercropping and both seedbed types on sorghum stover yield and grain yield at Kile during the 2022 year.