Fig 1.
Map showing the regions of Ghana, Upper-East Region, and the municipals with refugee communities.
Image created in QGIS Version 3.28.1 by author Abdul-Wahab Inusah. Base map shapefile was downloaded from DIVA-GIS via https://www.diva-gis.org/datadown.
Fig 2.
Visual depiction of the different thresholds in the food insecurity experience scale.
Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of the Burkina Faso refugees in Ghana (n = 498).
Fig 3.
Average score of food insecurity experience scale in this population.
This figure mimics the Food and Agricultural Organization scale of mild to severe food insecurity, demonstrating the mean and median scores fall within the moderate category. LQ is the lower quartile, and UQ is the upper quartile.
Table 2.
Prevalence of food insecurity in this study population, compared to Burkina Faso’s national prevalence and the global standard from the Gallup World Poll 2020–2022.
Table 3.
Multivariate linear regression model of predictors of food insecurity among Burkina Faso refugees in Ghana (n = 489).
β = beta coefficient, t = test statistic.
Fig 4.
Main sources of welfare or payment support among Burkina Faso asylum refugees in Ghana (n = 120, CSO = civic society organizations).
Table 4.
Living conditions of the Burkina Faso refugees in Ghana (n = 498).
Table 5.
Sense of security in the current living conditions of the study participants, asked using a Likert scale where 1 for strongly disagree and 5 for strongly agree.
Fig 5.
A conceptual framework analysing the determinants contributing to food security.
This framework details the pillars and how they intersect, as well as how they are affected by the consequences of conflict and displacement. This then has an impact on people’s consumption patterns and nutritional status, thus resulting in a feedback loop between health outcomes and vulnerability to future difficulties. Those variables in red have been identified as important for this population.