Fig 1.
Walter and Lieth climate diagrams.
Diagrams for (A) Sadoré, Niger and (B) Ndiaye, Senegal. The graphs show the monthly averages for temperatures and rainfall, along with annual dry (red dots) and wet (vertical blue lines) periods over a year. Climatic conditions were calculated using data for the period of 1983-2022 for both sites.
Table 1.
Overview of agronomic details of the pearl millet experiments at Sadoré, Niger during the period of 2011–2018. The variety grown was Haïni Kirey Précoce (HKP).
Table 2.
Overview of agronomic details of the rice experiments at Ndiaye, Senegal during the period of 2015–2022. The variety grown was Sahel 108.
Table 3.
General soil physical and chemical properties of the Arenosol in Sadoré, Niger (determined in 2008) and the Gleysol in Ndiaye, Senegal (determined in 1997).
Table 4.
Soil properties of the Arenosol in Sadoré, Niger, and the Gleysol in Ndiaye, Senegal used for APSIM modeling.
Table 5.
Parameters and ranges of values used in sensitivity analysis of simulated pearl millet and rice yield and biomass.
Fig 2.
Comparison of the observed and simulated phenological stages of rice6 in Ndiaye, Senegal.
(Left) Hot dry season and (right) wet season. Data for panicle initiation, flowering, and physiological maturity are presented. Encircled data-points show results from the 2020 season.
Table 6.
Statistics for observed and predicted grain yield and aboveground biomass during the model calibration and validation steps for pearl millet and rice.
Fig 3.
Performance evaluation of APSIM models during the validation step.
Scatter plots of observed versus predicted pearl millet grain yield (A) and biomass (B). Scatter plots of observed versus predicted rice grain yield (C) and biomass (D). WI: Willmott’s index of agreement; n: number of data pairs. Residuals plots are presented in S2-S4 Figs for further visualization of error distribution.
Fig 4.
Distribution of the total effect (STi) and main effect (Si) indices for 19 parameters across 8 years (2011-2018) for pearl millet in Sadoré, Niger.
(A) Yield and (B) biomass outputs. In a boxplot, the top and bottom of the box represent the 75th and 25th percentiles, respectively. The solid line within the box indicates the median. The whiskers extend to the maximum and minimum excluding outliers. Outliers are shown as black circles.
Fig 5.
Distribution of the total effect (STi) and main effect (Si) indices for 7 parameters across 8 years (2015-2022) for rice in Ndiaye, Senegal.
Top: Hot dry season (A) yield and (B) biomass outputs. Bottom: Wet season (C) yield and (D) biomass outputs. In a boxplot, the top and bottom of the box represent the 75th and 25th percentiles, respectively. The solid line within the box indicates the median. The whiskers extend to the maximum and minimum excluding outliers. Outliers are shown as black circles.
Table 7.
Yield stability measures of observed and predicted grain yields during model evaluation for pearl millet in Sadoré, Niger, and rice in Ndiaye, Senegal. Values are the means of the respective n. Treatments with the same letter are not significantly different (p > 0.05).
Fig 6.
Finlay-Wilkinson regressions for pearl millet grain yield for different treatments.
(Top) Yields of plots under crop residue retention: (A) observed and (B) predicted values. (Bottom) Yields of plots under crop residue removal: (C) observed and (D) predicted values. Data for plant density PDENS1 (10,000 pockets ha-1) are presented. T0 = control plot; T1 and T2: plots under fertilizer treatment T1 and T2, respectively.
Fig 7.
Finlay-Wilkinson regressions for rice grain yield for different treatments.
(Top) Yields for the hot dry season: (A) observed and (B) predicted values. (Bottom) Yields for the wet season: (C) observed and (D) predicted values.
Table 8.
Comparisons of yield stability measures for LTEs and model-estimated yields in pearl millet and rice across treatments and seasons.