Fig 1.
The steps of the research as a flowchart.
Fig 2.
Representative of sample routes 1 and 3.
Figure created by the authors using Paint.NET, Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Visio Pro and Autodesk SketchBook.
Table 1.
Specifications of sample routes.
Table 2.
Technical specifications of test vehicles.
Fig 3.
The variance percentage of driving characteristic parameters.
Fig 4.
K-means clustering method based on PCA algorithm.
Fig 5.
Developed driving cycles of each vehicle in a distinct sample route.
Fig 6.
Steps and structure of designing real vehicle models with MATLAB virtual vehicle composer.
Fig 7.
The simulation of the Driver Commands block in longitudinal driver mode.
Table 3.
Parameter values of Driver Commands block.
Fig 8.
Displaying the parameters of (a) air mass flow map, (b) exhaust temperature map, (c) actual brake torque map, and (d) fuel mass flow map according to engine speed and commanded torque.
Fig 9.
Simulation of the vehicle electronics subsystem for vehicle #5.
Table 4.
Values of driving characteristic parameters.
Table 5.
The measure of fuel consumption and emissions.
Fig 10.
Comparison of powertrain effect on fuel consumption and emission over sample routes.
Table 6.
Measures of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions for standard driving cycles of powertrain comparison.
Fig 11.
The comparison of engine downsizing effect on fuel consumption and emission over sample routes.
Table 7.
Measures of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions for standard driving cycles of engine downsizing comparison.
Fig 12.
Comparison of body style effect on fuel consumption and emission over sample routes.
Table 8.
Measures of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions for standard drive cycles of body style comparison.