Fig 1.
Map of the study area: a) The island of Borneo with the location of the Kinabatangan Floodplain in the State of Sabah; b) The Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary with its 10 protected lots (dark grey) and the Forest Reserves (light grey); c) Zoom on the study site with Lots 5, 6 and 7 and the location of the 25 vegetation plots inside Lot 6. Subpanel a) was generated using shapefiles from GADM (https://gadm.org), while subpanels b) and c) are based on the map provided in [38], licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.
Fig 2.
Distribution of the 276 MOTUs according to their occurrence in faeces and their mean proportion of faecal read coverage in samples where they were detected.
Fig 3.
Accumulation curve of plant DNA sequences (MOTUs) found in proboscis monkey faecal samples.
Faecal samples (n = 155) were collected in the Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary between May 2015 and March 2017.
Fig 4.
Taxonomic resolution of the diet of proboscis monkeys using two methods: Direct behavioural observations and DNA metabarcoding.
Fig 5.
Seasonal variation in the frequencies of occurrences of seven MOTUs detected in proboscis monkey faeces.
Table 1.
List of the 20 top-key plants recorded by behavioural direct observations and DNA metabarcoding methods.
Fig 6.
Venn diagrams of plant families, genera and species detected by DNA metabarcoding and direct behavioural observation methods.
Table 2.
List of the 18 plant species only recorded by the DNA metabarcoding method.