Table 1.
List of primers, with oligonucleotide sequences, amplification conditions, amplicon size and references, which were used to detect Pseudomonas at genus and species level, as well as to detect the virulence genes by PCR.
Fig 1.
Agarose gel electrophoresis results of PCR amplification targeting 16S rRNA gene for the genus- and species-specific detection of Pseudomonas spp. and P. aeruginosa, respectively.
(a) genus-specific PCR amplification of Pseudomonas spp. and positive bands appeared at 618 bp; (b) species-specific detection of P. aeruginosa, with amplicon size of 956 bp. In both cases, Lane M: 100 bp DNA ladder; NC: Negative control; Lane 1-9/10: Positive isolates.
Fig 2.
District-level prevalence of Pseudomonas spp. infections across the study area.
The map was generated using Python with the Matplotlib and GeoPandas libraries. The district-level shapefile for Bangladesh was obtained from GADM (https://gadm.org/).
Table 2.
Prevalence of the isolated bacteria (culture and PCR-based).
Table 3.
Univariable association between Pseudomonas spp. infection and explanatory variables.
Table 4.
Risk factors identified in the final multivariable model for Pseudomonas spp. infection in quail birds.
Fig 3.
Frequency distribution of virulence genes in isolated P. aeruginosa.
Fig 4.
Virulence genes detection in PCR confirmed P. aeruginosa isolates.
[A] exoA (396 bp), [B] exoS (118 bp), [C] exoT (152 bp), [D] exoY (289 bp), [E] rhlAB (151 bp), [F] rhlR (730 bp), and [G] rhlI (625 bp). However, there were no exoU, lasI and lasA found in any isolates. In all cases, the Lane M = 100 bp DNA ladder; NC = negative control; and clear and consistent band showing lanes indicated positive isolates.
Table 5.
Frequency distribution of phenotypic resistance and virulence gene profiles of P. aeruginosa from rectal and oral swabs of quail birds with details antimicrobial categories and agents used to define MDR, XDR, PDR and MARI.
Fig 5.
Isolate-wise antibiotic resistance patterns of the isolated P. aeruginosa from oral and rectal swabs of quail birds.
Fig 6.
Isolate-wise with total number-based virulence genes occurrence and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance in the P. aeruginosa isolates.
Fig 7.
Correlation between phenotypic resistance patterns and virulence profiles.
Fig 8.
Phylogenetic relationship of the isolated P. aeruginosa from quail birds of Narsingdi and Mymensingh regions of Bangladesh.
The sequenced and analysed isolates were marked by various colour.