Table 1.
Feed formulation with EDTA supplementation.
Table 2.
Distribution of fish (initial weight = 30.00±1.30g) in experimental design having three stocking densities (LD, MD, HD) and their replicates at four different level of CaNa2 EDTA supplementation (E0,E1,E2,E3).
Table 3.
Primer sequence of genes.
Table 4.
Three density treatments (LDE, MDE, HDE) were analyzed (Mean ± SE) for total body length (cm), total body weight (g), specific growth rate (%), condition factor (%), hepatosomatic index (%), viscerosomatic index (%), FCR, and survival rate (%), with each treatment having four levels of EDTA supplementation (E0 = 0 g/kg, E1 = 5 g/kg, E2 = 10 g/kg, E3 = 15 g/kg).
Table 5.
The proximate composition (%) of muscle samples was analyzed (mean ± SE) for each of the three density treatments (LDE, MDE, and HDE), each of which had four levels of EDTA supplementation (E0 = 0 g/kg, E1 = 5 g/kg, E2 = 10 g/kg, and E3 = 15 g/kg).
Table 6.
Muscle samples from three density treatments (LDE, MDE, HDE) were analyzed (Mean ± SE) for amino acids (%), with each treatment having four EDTA supplementation levels (E0 = 0 g/kg, E1 = 5 g/kg, E2 = 10 g/kg, and E3 = 15 g/kg).
The results are given as milligrams of amino acid (mg/gcp) per gram of crude protein.
Table 7.
Four EDTA supplementation levels (E0 = 0 g/kg, E1 = 5 g/kg, E2 = 10 g/kg, and E3 = 15 g/kg) were applied to each of the three density treatments (LDE, MDE, and HDE) for which the analysis of fatty acids in total lipids extracted from muscle samples was done (Mean ± SE).
The values are given as a percentage (%) of the total fats in the body.
Fig 1.
Three density treatments (LDE at 2.00 kg/m3, MDE at 3.50 kg/m3, HDE at 5.00 kg/m3) with four EDTA supplementation levels (E0 = 0 g/kg, E1 = 5 g/kg, E2 = 10 g/kg, and E3 = 15 g/kg) were used to assess the levels of (A) amylase, (B) lipase, and (C) protease (Mean ± SE). The three density treatments (LDE, MDE, and HDE) have significant differences (P < 0.05) indicated by superscripts in uppercase, bold, and red letters. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between the four EDTA supplementation levels within each density treatment are shown by superscripts in lowercase characters.
Fig 2.
Three density treatments (LDE at 2.00 kg/m3, MDE at 3.50 kg/m3, and HDE at 5.00 kg/m3) were used to measure the cortisol level (Mean ± SE).
Each treatment had four levels of EDTA supplementation (E0 = 0 g/kg, E1 = 5 g/kg, E2 = 10 g/kg, and E3 = 15 g/kg). The three density treatments (LDE, MDE, and HDE) have significant differences (P < 0.05) indicated by superscripts in uppercase, bold, and red letters. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between the four EDTA supplementation levels within each density treatment are shown by superscripts in lowercase characters.
Table 8.
Three density treatments (LDE, MDE, and HDE) were used to analyze the blood hematological parameters (Mean ± SE).
Each treatment had four levels of EDTA supplementation (E0 = 0 g/kg, E1 = 5 g/kg, E2 = 10 g/kg, and E3 = 15 g/kg).
Table 9.
Plasma samples were subjected to three density treatments (LDE, MDE, and HDE) with four EDTA supplementation levels (E0 = 0 g/kg, E1 = 5 g/kg, E2 = 10 g/kg, and E3 = 15 g/kg) before the blood biochemistry parameters were analyzed (Mean ± SE).
Table 10.
The assay of antioxidant biomarkers (Mean ± SE) was conducted from plasma samples from three density treatments (LDE, MDE, HDE), each with four EDTA supplementation levels (E0 = 0 g/kg, E1 = 5 g/kg, E2 = 10 g/kg, E3 = 15 g/kg).
These biomarkers included catalase (U/ml), superoxide dismutase (ng/ml), glutathione peroxidase (IU/ml), and malondialdehyde (nmol/ml).
Fig 3.
Four EDTA supplementation doses (E0 = 0 g/kg, E1 = 5 g/kg, E2 = 10 g/kg, and E3 = 15 g/kg) were present in each of the three density treatments (LDE: 2.00 kg/m3, MDE: 3.50 kg/m3, HDE: 5.00 kg/m3) where the levels of gene expression for (A) Somatostatin 1, (B) Interleukin 1-β, and (C) POMC-α (Mean ± SE) were determined. The three density treatments (LDE, MDE, and HDE) have significant differences (P < 0.05) indicated by superscripts in uppercase, bold, and red letters. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between the four EDTA supplementation levels within each density treatment are shown by superscripts in lowercase characters.
Fig 4.
Histological changes in gills.
Light micrographs of a paraffin section stained with eosin (10x). A(LDEO), B(LDE1), C(LDE2), D(LDE3), E(MDE0), F(MDE1), G(MDE2), H(MDE3), I(HDEO), J(HDE1), K(HDE2), L(HDE3). PL: Primary lamellae; SL: Secondary lamellae; DPL: Degeneration of primary lamellae; DSL: Degeneration of secondary lamellae; TD: Tissue debris; BC: Blood congestion; N: necrosis; EL: epithelial lifting; LF: Lamellar fusion; E: Edema; H: Hyperplasia.
Table 11.
Histopathological scoring of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) gills in three density treatments (LDE, MDE, HDE) with each treatment having four levels of EDTA supplementation (E0 = 0 g/kg, E1 = 5 g/kg, E2 = 10 g/kg, E3 = 15 g/kg).