Fig 1.
Source: The map was created using the ggplot2 and geobr packages available for the R software. The geobr package provides georeferenced data of Brazilian municipalities made available by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The data plotted on the map were obtained from the Municipal Agricultural Survey (PAM), conducted by IBGE. All data used are publicly available and compatible with the CC BY 4.0 license.
Fig 2.
Main assumptions and factors affecting agricultural employment in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Source: prepared by the authors.
Table 1.
Presentation, description, and source of the variables used in this study.
Table 2.
Variables used in the spatial regression model (annual averages).
Fig 3.
Total hiring ratio for 2018 and 2021 (in quartiles).
Source: The map was created using the ggplot2 and geobr packages available for the R software. The data plotted on the map were obtained from the General Register of Employed and Unemployed (CAGED), provided by the Ministry of Labor and Employment (MTE). All data used are publicly available and compatible with the CC BY 4.0 license.
Table 3.
Moran’s I–the ratio between the hires in the agricultural sector in 2018–2021.
Table 4.
Diagnostic test for the spatial specifications.
Table 5.
The results of the spatial Hausman test.
Table 6.
The spatial and temporal fixed effects for the ratio of people hired in the agricultural sector in relation to the total number of people hired.
Table 7.
Direct and indirect effects of COVID19 on agricultural employment in Brazilian regions.
Table 8.
Direct and indirect effects of COVID-19 on agricultural wages.